Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Floyd J, Fornage M, Gillespie C, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135:e146–603.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Carnethon MR, Pu J, Howard G, Albert MA, Anderson CAM, Bertoni AG, Mujahid MS, Palaniappan L, Taylor HA Jr, Willis M, et al. Cardiovascular Health in African Americans: a Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;136:e393–423.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saab KR, Kendrick J, Yracheta JM, Lanaspa MA, Pollard M, Johnson RJ. New insights on the risk for cardiovascular disease in African Americans: the role of added sugars. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:247–57.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thomas AJ, Eberly LE, Davey Smith G, Neaton JD, Stamler J. Race/ethnicity, income, major risk factors, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:1417–23.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lei MK, Beach SRH, Simons RL. Biological embedding of neighborhood disadvantage and collective efficacy: influences on chronic illness via accelerated cardiometabolic age. Dev Psychopathol. 2018;30:1797–815.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bagby SP, Martin D, Chung ST, Rajapakse N. From the outside in: biological mechanisms linking social and environmental exposures to chronic disease and to health disparities. Am J Public Health. 2019;109:S56–63.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gistera A, Hansson GK. The immunology of atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13:368.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, Fonseca F, Nicolau J, Koenig W, Anker SD, et al. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1119–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chavez-Sanchez L, Espinosa-Luna JE, Chavez-Rueda K, Legorreta-Haquet MV, Montoya-Diaz E, Blanco-Favela F. Innate immune system cells in atherosclerosis. Arch Med Res. 2014;45:1–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boisvert WA. The participation of inflammatory cells in atherosclerosis. Drugs Today (Barc). 2001;37:173–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Woollard KJ, Geissmann F. Monocytes in atherosclerosis: subsets and functions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7:77–86.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schaftenaar F, Frodermann V, Kuiper J, Lutgens E. Atherosclerosis: the interplay between lipids and immune cells. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2016;27:209–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ilhan F, Kalkanli ST. Atherosclerosis and the role of immune cells. World J Clin Cases. 2015;3:345–52.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Getz GS, Reardon CA. Natural killer T cells in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14:304–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Doring Y, Soehnlein O, Weber C. Neutrophil extracellular traps in atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Circ Res. 2017;120:736–43.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Doring Y, Drechsler M, Soehnlein O, Weber C. Neutrophils in atherosclerosis: from mice to man. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35:288–95.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Cochain C, Zernecke A. Macrophages in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Pflugers Arch. 2017;469:485–99.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cochain C, Zernecke A. Macrophages and immune cells in atherosclerosis: recent advances and novel concepts. Basic Res Cardiol. 2015;110:34.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Jaiswal S, Natarajan P, Silver AJ, Gibson CJ, Bick AG, Shvartz E, McConkey M, Gupta N, Gabriel S, Ardissino D, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:111–21.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Natarajan P, Jaiswal S, Kathiresan S. Clonal hematopoiesis: somatic mutations in blood cells and atherosclerosis. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2018;11:e001926.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fuster JJ, Walsh K. Somatic mutations and clonal hematopoiesis: unexpected potential new drivers of age-related cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2018;122:523–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sano S, Oshima K, Wang Y, MacLauchlan S, Katanasaka Y, Sano M, Zuriaga MA, Yoshiyama M, Goukassian D, Cooper MA, et al. Tet2-mediated clonal hematopoiesis accelerates heart failure through a mechanism involving the IL-1beta/NLRP3 inflammasome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:875–86.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Libby P. Interleukin-1 beta as a target for atherosclerosis therapy: biological basis of CANTOS and beyond. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:2278–89.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hilgendorf I, Swirski FK, Robbins CS. Monocyte fate in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35:272–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonaccorsi I, De Pasquale C, Campana S, Barberi C, Cavaliere R, Benedetto F, Ferlazzo G. Natural killer cells in the innate immunity network of atherosclerosis. Immunol Lett. 2015;168:51–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Libby P, Hansson GK. Inflammation and immunity in diseases of the arterial tree: players and layers. Circ Res. 2015;116:307–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Soehnlein O. Multiple roles for neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2012;110:875–88.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:2045–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Braun NA, Covarrubias R, Major AS. Natural killer T cells and atherosclerosis: form and function meet pathogenesis. J Innate Immun. 2010;2:316–24.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Baumer Y, Ng Q, Sanda GE, Dey AK, Teague HL, Sorokin AV, Dagur PK, Silverman JI, Harrington CL, Rodante JA, et al. Chronic skin inflammation accelerates macrophage cholesterol crystal formation and atherosclerosis. JCI Insight. 2018;3:e97179.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Teague HL, Varghese NJ, Tsoi LC, Dey AK, Garshick MS, Silverman JI, Baumer Y, Harrington CL, Stempinski E, Elnabawi YA, et al. Neutrophil subsets, platelets, and vascular disease in psoriasis. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2019;4:1–14.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Baumer Y, McCurdy S, Weatherby TM, Mehta NN, Halbherr S, Halbherr P, Yamazaki N, Boisvert WA. Hyperlipidemia-induced cholesterol crystal production by endothelial cells promotes atherogenesis. Nat Commun. 2017;8:1129.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Baumer Y, McCurdy S, Alcala M, Mehta N, Lee BH, Ginsberg MH, Boisvert WA. CD98 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2017;256:105–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jahangiry L, Farhangi MA, Rezaei F. Framingham risk score for estimation of 10-years of cardiovascular diseases risk in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36:36.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dagur PK, McCoy JP Jr. Collection, storage, and preparation of human blood cells. Curr Protoc Cytom. 2015;73:5–16.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Poli A, Michel T, Theresine M, Andres E, Hentges F, Zimmer J. CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells: an important NK cell subset. Immunology. 2009;126:458–65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Musunuru K, Kral BG, Blumenthal RS, Fuster V, Campbell CY, Gluckman TJ, Lange RA, Topol EJ, Willerson JT, Desai MY, et al. The use of high-sensitivity assays for C-reactive protein in clinical practice. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2008;5:621–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mora S, Musunuru K, Blumenthal RS. The clinical utility of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease and the potential implication of JUPITER on current practice guidelines. Clin Chem. 2009;55:219–28.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Blumenreich MS. The white blood cell and differential count. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. Boston: Butterworths; 1990.
Google Scholar
Wrigley BJ, Shantsila E, Tapp LD, Lip GY. Increased formation of monocyte-platelet aggregates in ischemic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:127–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gregg D, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. Cardiology patient page. Platelets and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2003;108:e88–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ashman N, Macey MG, Fan SL, Azam U, Yaqoob MM. Increased platelet-monocyte aggregates and cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal failure patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:2088–96.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barrett TJ, Schlegel M, Zhou F, Gorenchtein M, Bolstorff J, Moore KJ, Fisher EA, Berger JS. Platelet regulation of myeloid suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 accelerates atherosclerosis. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11:eaax0481.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hsieh MM, Everhart JE, Byrd-Holt DD, Tisdale JF, Rodgers GP. Prevalence of neutropenia in the U.S. population: age, sex, smoking status, and ethnic differences. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:486–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bain BJ. Ethnic and sex differences in the total and differential white cell count and platelet count. J Clin Pathol. 1996;49:664–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kurupati R, Kossenkov A, Haut L, Kannan S, Xiang Z, Li Y, Doyle S, Liu Q, Schmader K, Showe L, Ertl H. Race-related differences in antibody responses to the inactivated influenza vaccine are linked to distinct pre-vaccination gene expression profiles in blood. Oncotarget. 2016;7:62898–911.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Appleby LJ, Nausch N, Midzi N, Mduluza T, Allen JE, Mutapi F. Sources of heterogeneity in human monocyte subsets. Immunol Lett. 2013;152:32–41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wildgruber M, Aschenbrenner T, Wendorff H, Czubba M, Glinzer A, Haller B, Schiemann M, Zimmermann A, Berger H, Eckstein HH, et al. The “Intermediate” CD14(++)CD16(+) monocyte subset increases in severe peripheral artery disease in humans. Sci Rep. 2016;6:39483.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zungsontiporn N, Tello RR, Zhang G, Mitchell BI, Budoff M, Kallianpur KJ, Nakamoto BK, Keating SM, Norris PJ, Ndhlovu LC, et al. Non-classical monocytes and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) correlate with coronary artery calcium progression in chronically HIV-1 infected adults on stable antiretroviral therapy. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0149143.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Furman MI, Barnard MR, Krueger LA, Fox ML, Shilale EA, Lessard DM, Marchese P, Frelinger AL 3rd, Goldberg RJ, Michelson AD. Circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates are an early marker of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1002–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Puijvelde GHM, Kuiper J. NKT cells in cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017;816:47–57.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Aslanian AM, Chapman HA, Charo IF. Transient role for CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:628–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jabir NR, Firoz CK, Ahmed F, Kamal MA, Hindawi S, Damanhouri GA, Almehdar HA, Tabrez S. Reduction in CD16/CD56 and CD16/CD3/CD56 natural killer cells in coronary artery disease. Immunol Invest. 2017;46:526–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yen ML, Yang CY, Yen BL, Ho YL, Cheng WC, Bai CH. Increased high sensitivity C-reactive protein and neutrophil count are related to increased standard cardiovascular risk factors in healthy Chinese men. Int J Cardiol. 2006;110:191–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lam FW, Vijayan KV, Rumbaut RE. Platelets and their interactions with other immune cells. Compr Physiol. 2015;5:1265–80.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
da Costa Martins P, van den Berk N, Ulfman LH, Koenderman L, Hordijk PL, Zwaginga JJ. Platelet-monocyte complexes support monocyte adhesion to endothelium by enhancing secondary tethering and cluster formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:193–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Li N, Ji Q, Hjemdahl P. Platelet-lymphocyte conjugation differs between lymphocyte subpopulations. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:874–81.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ahn KC, Jun AJ, Pawar P, Jadhav S, Napier S, McCarty OJ, Konstantopoulos K. Preferential binding of platelets to monocytes over neutrophils under flow. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;329:345–55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shah SH, Arnett D, Houser SR, Ginsburg GS, MacRae C, Mital S, Loscalzo J, Hall JL. Opportunities for the cardiovascular community in the precision medicine initiative. Circulation. 2016;133:226–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Byrd WM, Clayton LA. Race, medicine, and health care in the United States: a historical survey. J Natl Med Assoc. 2001;93:11S–34S.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Maecker HT, McCoy JP, Nussenblatt R. Standardizing immunophenotyping for the human immunology project. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012;12:191–200.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bradbury A, Pluckthun A. Reproducibility: standardize antibodies used in research. Nature. 2015;518:27–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Villanova F, Di Meglio P, Inokuma M, Aghaeepour N, Perucha E, Mollon J, Nomura L, Hernandez-Fuentes M, Cope A, Prevost AT, et al. Integration of lyoplate based flow cytometry and computational analysis for standardized immunological biomarker discovery. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e65485.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Baker M. Reproducibility crisis: blame it on the antibodies. Nature. 2015;521:274–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abramson N, Melton B. Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62:2053–60.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar