Pawlikowska T, Chalder T, Hirsch SR, Wallace P, Wright DJ, Wessely SC. Population based study of fatigue and psychological distress. BMJ. 1994;308(6931):763–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Crawley E. The epidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalitis in children. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99(2):171–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
IOM (Institute of Medicine). Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2015. http://www.iom.edu/mecfs.
Crawley EM, Emond AM, Sterne JAC. Unidentified Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a major cause of school absence: surveillance outcomes from school-based clinics. BMJ Open. 2011;1(2):e000252.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jason L, Jordan K, Miike T, Bell D, Lapp C, Torres-Harding S, et al. A pediatric case definition for myalgic Encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr. 2006;13:1–44.
Article
Google Scholar
Nijhof SL, Maijer K, Bleijenberg G, Uiterwaal CSPM, Kimpen JLL, van de Putte EM. Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome: prevalence, incidence, and morbidity. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5):e1169–75.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kennedy G, Underwood C, Belch JJ. Physical and functional impact of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis in childhood. Pediatrics. 2010;125(6):e1324–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Missen A, Hollingworth W, Eaton N, Crawley E. The financial and psychological impacts on mothers of children with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS/ME). Child Care Health Dev. 2012;38(4):505–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Health RCoPaC. Evidence Based Guideline for the Management of CFS/ME (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalopathy) in Children and Young People. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2004.
NICE. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (or Encephalopathy): Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (or Encephalopathy) in Adults and Children. London, Excellence NIfHaC. 2007.
Sharpe MC, Archard LC, Banatvala JE, Borysiewicz LK, Clare AW, David A, et al. A report–chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research. J R Soc Med. 1991;84(2):118–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wessely S, Nimnuan C, Sharpe M. Functional somatic syndromes: one or many? Lancet. 1999;354(9182):936–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petersen MW, Schröder A, Jørgensen T, Ørnbøl E, Dantoft TM, Eliasen M, et al. The unifying diagnostic construct of bodily distress syndrome (BDS) was confirmed in the general population. J Psychosom Res. 2020;128:109868.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carruthers BM, Jain AK, De Meirleir KL, Peterson DL, Klimas NG, Lerner AM, et al. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: clinical working case definition, diagnostic and treatment protocols. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr. 2003;11:7–116.
Article
Google Scholar
Carruthers BM, van de Sande MI, De Meirleir KL, Klimas NG, Broderick G, Mitchell T, et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis: international consensus criteria. J Intern Med. 2011;270(4):327–38.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, Sharpe MC, Dobbins JG, Komaroff A. The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121(12):953–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brurberg KG, Fonhus MS, Larun L, Flottorp S, Malterud K. Case definitions for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME): a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2014;4(2):e003973.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Asprusten TT, Fagermoen E, Sulheim D, Skovlund E, Sorensen O, Mollnes TE, et al. Study findings challenge the content validity of the Canadian Consensus Criteria for adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(5):498–503.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Asprusten TT, Sulheim D, Fagermoen E, Winger A, Skovlund E, Wyller VB. Systemic exertion intolerance disease diagnostic criteria applied on an adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome cohort: evaluation of subgroup differences and prognostic utility. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2018;2(1):e000233.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Huber KA, Sunnquist M, Jason LA. Latent class analysis of a heterogeneous international sample of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Fatigue Biome Health Behav. 2018;6(3):163–78.
Article
Google Scholar
Williams TE, Chalder T, Sharpe M, White PD. Heterogeneity in chronic fatigue syndrome-empirically defined subgroups from the PACE trial. Psychol Med. 2017;47(8):1454–65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aslakson E, Vollmer-Conna U, White PD. The validity of an empirical delineation of heterogeneity in chronic unexplained fatigue. Pharmacogenomics. 2006;7(3):365–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aslakson E, Vollmer-Conna U, Reeves WC, White PD. Replication of an empirical approach to delineate the heterogeneity of chronic unexplained fatigue. Popul Health Metrics. 2009;7:17.
Article
Google Scholar
Rivera MC, Mastronardi C, Silva-Aldena CT, Arcos-Burgos M, Lidbury BA. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive review. Diagnostics. 2019;9:91.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Goertzel BN, Pennachin C, de Souza Coelho L, Gurbaxani B, Maloney EM, Jones JF. Combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in neuroendocrine effector and receptor genes predict chronic fatigue syndrome. Pharmacogenomics. 2006;7(3):475–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sommerfeldt L, Portilla H, Jacobsen L, Gjerstad J, Wyller VB. Polymorphisms of adrenergic cardiovascular control genes are associated with adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(2):293–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang T, Yin J, Miller AH, Xiao C. A systematic review of the association between fatigue and genetic polymorphisms. Brain Behav Immun. 2017;62:230–44.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Smith AK, Dimulescu I, Falkenberg VR, Narasimhan S, Heim C, Vernon SD, et al. Genetic evaluation of the serotonergic system in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008;33(2):188–97.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meyer B, Nguyen CB, Moen A, Fagermoen E, Sulheim D, Nilsen H, et al. Maintenance of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in young CFS patients is associated with the 5-HTTLPR and SNP rs25531 A > G Genotype. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(10):e0140883.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Sulheim D, Fagermoen E, Winger A, Andersen AM, Godang K, Muller F, et al. Disease mechanisms and clonidine treatment in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome: a combined cross-sectional and randomized clinical trial. JAMA pediatrics. 2014;168(4):351–60.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Klimas NG, Broderick G, Fletcher MA. Biomarkers for chronic fatigue. Brain Behav Immun. 2012;26(8):1202–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Montoya JG, Holmes TH, Anderson JN, Maecker HT, Rosenberg-Hasson Y, Valencia IJ, et al. Cytokine signature associated with disease severity in chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114(34):E7150.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nguyen CB, Alsøe L, Lindvall JM, Sulheim D, Fagermoen E, Winger A, et al. Whole blood gene expression in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome: an exploratory cross-sectional study suggesting altered B cell differentiation and survival. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):102.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Lacourt TE, Vichaya EG, Chiu GS, Dantzer R, Heijnen CJ. The high costs of low-grade inflammation: persistent fatigue as a consequence of reduced cellular-energy availability and non-adaptive energy expenditure. Front Behav Neurosci. 2018;12:78.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Wyller VB, Saul JP, Walløe L, Thaulow E. Sympathetic cardiovascular control during orthostatic stress and isometric exercise in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;102(6):623–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wyller VB, Due R, Saul JP, Amlie JP, Thaulow E. Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up tilt-test for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(7):997–1001.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hurum H, Sulheim D, Thaulow E, Wyller VB. Elevated nocturnal blood pressure and heart rate in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(2):289–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martínez-Martínez LA, Mora T, Vargas A, Fuentes-Iniestra M, Martínez-Lavín M. Sympathetic nervous system dysfunction in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis: a review of case-control studies. J Clin Rheumatol. 2014;20(3):146–50.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wyller VB, Barbieri R, Thaulow E, Saul JP. Enhanced vagal withdrawal during mild orthostatic stress in adolescents with chronic fatigue. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2008;13(1):67–73.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wyller VB, Godang K, Morkrid L, Saul JP, Thaulow E, Walloe L. Abnormal thermoregulatory responses in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: relation to clinical symptoms. Pediatrics. 2007;120(1):e129–37.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Papadopoulos AS, Cleare AJ. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8(1):22–32.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Segal TY, Hindmarsh PC, Viner RM. Disturbed adrenal function in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2005;18(3):295–301.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nijhof SL, Rutten JM, Uiterwaal CS, Bleijenberg G, Kimpen JL, Putte EM. The role of hypocortisolism in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;42:199–206.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roerink ME, Roerink S, Skoluda N, van der Schaaf ME, Hermus A, van der Meer JWM, et al. Hair and salivary cortisol in a cohort of women with chronic fatigue syndrome. Horm Behav. 2018;103:1–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wyller VB, Vitelli V, Sulheim D, Fagermoen E, Winger A, Godang K, et al. Altered neuroendocrine control and association to clinical symptoms in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome: a cross-sectional study. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):121.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Majer M, Welberg LA, Capuron L, Miller AH, Pagnoni G, Reeves WC. Neuropsychological performance in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome: results from a population-based study. Psychosom Med. 2008;70(7):829–36.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cockshell SJ, Mathias JL. Cognitive functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2010;40(8):1253–67.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thomas M, Smith A. An investigation into the cognitive deficits associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. Open Neurol J. 2009;3:13–23.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van de Putte EM, Böcker KB, Buitelaar J, Kenemans JL, Engelbert RH, Kuis W, et al. Deficits of interference control in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162(12):1196–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sulheim D, Fagermoen E, Sivertsen OS, Winger A, Wyller VB, Oie MG. Cognitive dysfunction in adolescents with chronic fatigue: a cross-sectional study. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(9):838–44.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haig-Ferguson A, Tucker P, Eaton N, Hunt L, Crawley E. Memory and attention problems in children with chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child. 2009;94(10):757–62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kawatani J, Mizuno K, Shiraishi S, Takao M, Joudoi T, Fukuda S, et al. Cognitive dysfunction and mental fatigue in childhood chronic fatigue syndrome a 6-month follow-up study. Brain Dev. 2011;33(10):832–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Polli A, Van Oosterwijck J, Meeus M, Lambrecht L, Nijs J, Ickmans K. Exercise-induce hyperalgesia, complement system and elastase activation in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome-a secondary analysis of experimental comparative studies. Scand J Pain. 2019;19(1):183–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van de Putte EM, Uiterwaal CS, Bots ML, Kuis W, Kimpen JL, Engelbert RH. Is chronic fatigue syndrome a connective tissue disorder? A cross-sectional study in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2005;115(4):e415–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Winger A, Kvarstein G, Wyller VB, Sulheim D, Fagermoen E, Småstuen MC, et al. Pain and pressure pain thresholds in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy controls: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(9):e005920.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nijs J, Meeus M, Van Oosterwijck J, Ickmans K, Moorkens G, Hans G, et al. In the mind or in the brain? Scientific evidence for central sensitisation in chronic fatigue syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest. 2012;42(2):203–12.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Washington SD, Rayan RU, Garner R, Provenzano D, Zajur K, Addiego FM, VanMeter JW, Baraniuk JM. Exercise alters brain activation in Gulf War Illness and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Brain Commun. 2020;2:fcaa070.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wyller VB, Sorensen O, Sulheim D, Fagermoen E, Ueland T, Mollnes TE. Plasma cytokine expression in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;46:80–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fagermoen E, Sulheim D, Winger A, Andersen AM, Gjerstad J, Godang K, et al. Effects of low-dose clonidine on cardiovascular and autonomic variables in adolescents with chronic fatigue: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:117.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Fortin J, Habenbacher W, Heller A, Hacker A, Grullenberger R, Innerhofer J, et al. Non-invasive beat-to-beat cardiac output monitoring by an improved method of transthoracic bioimpedance measurement. Comput Biol Med. 2006;36(11):1185–203.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bianchi AM, Mainardi LT, Meloni C, Chierchia S, Cerutti S. Continuous monitoring of the sympatho-vagal balance through spectral analysis. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1997;16(5):64–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tsunoda M. Recent advances in methods for the analysis of catecholamines and their metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2006;386(3):506–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gatti R, Antonelli G, Prearo M, Spinella P, Cappellin E, De Palo EF. Cortisol assays and diagnostic laboratory procedures in human biological fluids. Clin Biochem. 2009;42(12):1205–17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wechler D. Wechsler intelligence scale for children. 4th ed. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 2003.
Google Scholar
Delis DC, Kaplan E, Kramer JH. The Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) (Norwegian version). Stockholm: Pearson System; 2001.
Google Scholar
Benedict RHB, Schretlen D, Groninger L, Brandt J. Hopkins verbal learning test—revised: normative data and analysis of inter-form and test-retest reliability. Clin Neuropsychol. 1998;12(1):43–55.
Article
Google Scholar
Matre D, Olsen MB, Jacobsen LM, Klein T, Gjerstad J. Induction of the perceptual correlate of human long-term potentiation (LTP) is associated with the 5-HTT genotype. Brain Res. 2013;1491:54–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wagner D, Nisenbaum R, Heim C, Jones JF, Unger ER, Reeves WC. Psychometric properties of the CDC Symptom Inventory for assessment of chronic fatigue syndrome. Popul Health Metrics. 2005;3:8.
Article
Google Scholar
Chalder T, Berelowitz G, Pawlikowska T, Watts L, Wessely S, Wright D, et al. Development of a fatigue scale. J Psychosom Res. 1993;37(2):147–53.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Costello EJ, Angold A. Scales to assess child and adolescent depression: checklists, screens, and nets. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1988;27(6):726–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA. The PedsQL: measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Med Care. 1999;37(2):126–39.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Walker LS, Greene JW. The functional disability inventory: measuring a neglected dimension of child health status. J Pediatr Psychol. 1991;16(1):39–58.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grant PM, Ryan CG, Tigbe WW, Granat MH. The validation of a novel activity monitor in the measurement of posture and motion during everyday activities. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(12):992–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dolnicar S. A Review of Unquestioned Standards in Using Cluster Analysis for Data-Driven Market Segmentation. Wollongong University, Australia, 2002. https://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/273.
Vink M, Vink-Niese A. Cognitive behavioural therapy for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is not effective. Re-analysis of a Cochrane review. Health Psychol Open. 2019;6(1):20.
Article
Google Scholar
Kuppuswamy A. The fatigue conundrum. Brain. 2017;140:2240.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bedree H, Sunnquist M, Jason LA. The DePaul symptom questionnaire-2: a validation study. Fatigue. 2019;7:166–79.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar