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Table 5 Final cluster solution–differences in development of symptoms and functions over time (baseline to week 30 follow-up)

From: Are there subgroups of chronic fatigue syndrome? An exploratory cluster analysis of biological markers

Cluster

1: Pain tolerant & good cognitions (n = 40)

2: Restored HPA dynamics (n = 15)

3: Orthostatic intolerance (n = 20)

4: Low-grade inflammation (n = 4)

5: Pain intolerant & poor cognitions (n = 33)

6: High vagal activity (n = 3)

p-valuea

Δ CFQ-mean [95% CI]

− 5.0 [− 7.6, − 2.4]

− 5.0 [− 10.5, 0.5]

− 4.8 [− 7.6, − 2.0]

− 6.5 [n.a]

− 5.2 [− 8.1, − 2.2]

4.0 [n.a.]

0.999

Δ PEM-mean [95% CI]

− 0.48 [− 0.9, 0.0]

− 0.36 [− 1.4, 0.6]

0.12 [− 0.2, 0.4]

− 1.00 [n.a.]

− 0.73 [− 1.2, − 0.3]

− 1.0 [n.a.]

0.130

Δ MFQ-mean [95% CI]

− 1.0 [− 4.1, 2.1]

− 1.7 [− 7.4, 3.9]

− 0.2 [− 3.6, 3.1]

− 4.7 [n.a.]

− 3.1 [− 6.8, 0.5]

− 3.0 [n.a.]

0.685

Δ Steps per day-mean [95% CI]

526 [− 593, 1644]

− 1107 [− 3004, 789]

− 578 [− 1506, 350]

1228 [n.a.]

283 [− 532, 1099]

− 657 [n.a.]

0.218

Δ FDI-mean [95% CI]

− 3.1 [− 6.2, 0.1]

− 1.9 [− 8.2, 4.4]

0.6 [− 3.4, 4.6]

− 13.0 [n.a.]

− 6.7 [− 10.8, − 2.5]

− 9.5 [n.a.]

0.079

Δ PedsQL-mean [95% CI]

6.6 [0.8, 12.5]

5.8 [− 6.4, 18.1]

2.5 [− 2.7, 7.7]

6.9 [n.a.]

8.4 [4.3, 12.5]

14.2 [n.a.]

0.584

  1. HPA: hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal; CI: Confidence Interval; n.a.: not applicable; CFQ: Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire; PEM: Post Exertional Malaise; MFQ: Moods and Feelings Questionnaire; FDI: Funtion and Disability Inventory; PedsQL: Pediatric Quality of Life
  2. aUnadjusted p-values. The p-values are based on one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test, as appropriate. Only group 1–3 and 5 were used in the statistical analyses due to few participants in group 4 and 6