Thyroid cancer is one of the most rapidly changing cancers of the past decade, and its staging system has undergone significant revisions in line with the eighth version of the AJCC Staging Guideline. Since the diagnosis of age is an independent risk factor and closely related to the prognosis of thyroid cancer, the cut-off age for predicting mortality has elevated from 45 to 55 years old [2, 4]. After the implementation of the new version, thyroid papillary carcinoma under 55 years of age is classified as early (I–II period) stage. Also, a large proportion of middle-stage patients will be downstage and will, therefore, receive more appropriate treatment to improve their prognosis and quality of life. More auxiliary diagnostic data are needed to evaluate the necessity of additional therapy for patients over 55 years of age (including 55 years).
Recently, the association between carcinoma and chronic inflammation has been well-studied [14]. Also, the blood parameters as the simple index of the inflammatory system, including lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, LMR, NLR, MPV, and PDW, have been widely used as the predictive factors in determining the prognosis of some types of cancers [9,10,11]. However, few studies have investigated this association with PTC, and the value of hematological indexes in determining the prognosis of PTC is still under debate [12]. Therefore, this study sought to assess the predictive value of inflammatory indexes in evaluating the prognostic clinical characteristics of PTC, especially in elderly patients.
Our study suggested for the first time that preoperative neutrophil count was positively associated with bilaterality and lymph node metastasis, and both MPV and PDW were negatively associated with coexistence with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Our work also considered both lymphocyte count and LMR as predictive risk factors for the advanced TNM stage in elderly PTC patients. Notably, the multivariate logistic analysis showed that LMR ≥ 5.45 (OR 7.306, p = 0.036)was defined as an independent prognostic parameter to predict advanced TNM stage.
As part of the host immune reaction, neutrophils exhibit diverse functions to dynamically regulate cancer-related processes. Among these, it has been demonstrated that tumor-induced neutrophils can facilitate tumor metastases via circulation [15]. This mechanism is also supported by various clinical retrospective analyses, including ours [10]. In our study, we found that an elevated neutrophil count was related to bilaterality and more LNM in elderly patients with PTC, and this result is similar to descriptions in other carcinomas. Of note, the rate of lymph node metastasis in young patients was higher than that in elderly patients (68.1% vs 51.2%, p = 0.003), which is consistent with the phenomenon that the impact of lymphatic metastasis on staging system has been weakened by AJCC, and was excluded officially in stratifying advanced stage of elderly PTC patients [4]. Hence, although preoperative neutrophils were found to be associated with LNM, its indication function in advanced stage disease seemed insignificant in elderly PTC patients according to our observations, and further prospective studies are required to confirm.
Similar to neutrophils, platelets play a pivotal role in cancer progression and metastasis. Emerging evidence suggests that platelets regulate neoangiogenesis, dissemination, and tumor cell growth [16]. However, platelet activation is closely by their size rather than their count. Platelet size can be evaluated by platelet volume parameters, such as MPV and PDW. MPV is an alternative index of platelet activation, and PDW demonstrates variation in platelet size, and both have been used to predict the prognosis of various cancers [11, 17]. In our study, MPV and PDW were found to coexist with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in PTC patients. MPV ≤ 10.35 fl and PDW ≤ 10.55 fl were considered as indicators of coexistence with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, respectively. Several studies have indicated that Hashimoto’s thyroiditis may have a protective effect on PTC patients [18, 19]. Also, our present study also found that young PTC patients were more likely suffer from Hashimoto’s thyroiditis than elderly PTC patients (12.2% vs 35.4%; p = 0.009), who is considered to be a cohort with an inferior prognosis. Taken together, lower MPV and PDW might be a protective indicator for elderly PTC patients.
Previous studies have suggested the predictor value of LMR for clinical outcome in various types of cancer. Accumulating data indicates that a high LMR could be used to predict features of a variety of malignancies, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, and colorectal carcinoma [9, 20,21,22]. Contrary to expectation, our data showed that high preoperative LMR, as well as lymphocyte count, were linked with advanced TNM stage, which is inconsistent with most studies. Also, according to multivariate analysis, LMR ≥ 5.45 (OR = 7.306, p = 0.036) was identified as an independent risk factor for the advanced stage in elderly PTC patients.
Obviously, lymphocytes, as the fundamental components of the adaptive immune system, are associated with healthy tumor profile by hindering tumor cells proliferation, inhibiting migration, and destroying metastases [23]. Previous studies have also proven the positive effect of increasing lymphocyte count in achieving a better survival in patients with advanced cancer [10]. In addition, the function of monocytes in carcinoma has been a topic of debate as it affects tumor progression in two contradicting ways. Macrophages of the liver (Kupffer cells) destroy circulating cancer [24], while, inversely, macrophages also help to spread tumor cells through circulation [25]. Consequently, compared to reduced macrophages, an increased lymphocyte count takes a more predominant place in high LMR-related improved cancer-related survival [9, 26].
However, unlike other carcinomas, the intricate role of lymphocytes in PTC remains unclear, as autoimmune disease occurred more frequently in the thyroid gland than any other organ. It has been widely accepted that PTC has an immunological association with autoimmune disease because both disorders are described to appear synchronously [27]. However, interactions between them are unclear and require further evidence. Some studies insist that elevated lymphocytes facilitate aggressive tumor behavior and thus result in reduced survival, and these are in accordance with our finding that elevated lymphocyte counts reflected a higher stage of PTC [25, 28, 29]. A similar positive correlation trend is also found in medullary thyroid carcinoma [30]. Our data may offer evidence of the association between lymphocytes and adverse invasive behavior in PTC. However, to further confirm their relationship with PTC and expand these findings, the need for more profound investigations is highlighted.
Taken together, our analysis delivers the evidence that pretreatment peripheral indexes could function as inexpensive indicators of aggressive behavior and higher stage in elderly patients with PTC, and LMR acted as an independent predictive factor in an advanced stage. In spite of these findings, our observation should be cautiously interpreted due to several limitations of our study. Firstly, our study is limited due to the inherent nature of retrospective analysis itself, leading to selection biases and inaccurate data recording. Secondly, although patients with diseases that could influence leucocytes were excluded, the result of blood-circulating cell counts may be impacted by other unknown or undetectable factors, such as medication. Lastly, the cases enrolled in our study were relatively small-scale, which tends to weaken the power of the study. Further multicenter or prospective studies are warranted to validate our conclusion.