Table 4 Studies on antigens for T.pallidum vaccines
From: Resurgence of syphilis: focusing on emerging clinical strategies and preclinical models
Vaccine type | TP/rTP protein | Inactivation metho/characteristics | Adjuvant | Immunization dosage and route | Ulcer rate (%) | Immunization effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inactivated vaccines | T. pallidum | Stored at 4 ℃, for from 7 to 10 days | None | 8 × 109/Iv | 0 | Part of the samples were positive for lymph node metastasis | [72] |
T. pallidum | Deal with penicillin added stored at 37℃ for 24 h and at 4 °C for an additional 6 to 9 days | None | 8 × 109/Iv | 0.20 | Partial | [72] | |
T. pallidum | Ultraviolet light | None | 3.7 × 109/Iv | 0 | Complete | [129] | |
DNA vaccine | pcDNA3/FlaB3 | – | None | 3 × 150 μg/Im | 20 | Partial | [76] |
Tp92 | OMP, highly conserved, highly homologous | None IL-2 IL-2 + CS CS | 3 × 100 μg/Im | 30 10 7.5 25 | Partial | [74] | |
Gpd | Lipoprotein, binds to the opsonin antibody, correlated with immune escape | None IL-2 CS Cs + IL-2 CpG + IL-2 | 3 × 100 μg/Sc 100 μg Gpd-IL-2/Im + Gpd-IL-2 + CpG/Nasal | 37.5 10 40 4.17 8.3 | Partial | [75] | |
Subunit vaccine | FlaB3 | Associated with pathogen diffusion | Freund’s | 3 × 150 μg/Im | 14.29 | Partial | [76] |
Tp0136 | OMP, lipoprotein, adhesion protein | Freund’s | 3 × 150 μg/Sc | 12.5 | Partial | [79] | |
Tp0136 | OMP, lipoprotein, adhesion protein | Titer Max Gold | 500 μg + 3 × 250 μg/Sc + Im | 92.5 | No protection | [90] | |
Tp0126 | OMP (OmpW family) | mSAS | 5 × 250 μg/Id, Im, sc | 100 | No protection | [92] | |
Tp0663 | OMP | Freund’s | 3 × 150 μg/Sc | 0 | Partial | [79] | |
Tp0715 | Adhesive, associated with pathogen Colonization | TiterMax Gold | 4 × 5.2 μg/Sc + 2 × 13 μg/Iv | 47 | Complete | [81] | |
Heterologous Expression in Borrelia burgdorferi | TprK | OMP, undergoes antigenic variation at 7 variable regions, and variants are selected by immune pressure | None | 1010/Im | 44 | Partial | [82] |
Tp0435 | Lipoprotein, a periplasmic antigen that was also shown on the pathogen surface | None | 1010/Im | 100 | No protection | [82] |