Table 3 Mutant loci associated with drug resistance of T. pallidum strains
From: Resurgence of syphilis: focusing on emerging clinical strategies and preclinical models
Resistance type | Resistance gene | Mutation position | Country/city | Mutation rates (%) | Collection year | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macrolide resistance | 23S rRNA | A2058G | Hunan, China | 97.5 | 2013–2015 | [113] |
A2058G | Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China | 91.0 | 2012–2014 | [114] | ||
A2058G | Xiamen, China | 100 | 2016–2017 | [115] | ||
A2058G | Cuba | 61 | 2012–2015 | [116] | ||
A2058G | Sydney, Australia | 84 | 2004–2011 | [117] | ||
A2058G | Czech | 86.7 | 2004–2017 | [118] | ||
A2058G | Tuva Republic, Russia | 2.4 | 2013–2014 | [119] | ||
A2058G | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 9.5 | 2006–2013 | [120] | ||
A2058G | Manitoba, Canada | 97.3 | 2012–2016 | [121] | ||
A2058G | Northern Italy | 92.5 | 2016–2017 | [122] | ||
A2058G | Japan | 83 | 2017 | [123] | ||
A2058G | Barcelona, Spain | 99.1 | 2015 | [124] | ||
A2058G | France | 85 | 2012–2017 | [125] | ||
A2058G | Brazilian Marajó Archipelago | 14.8 | 2018–2019 | [126] | ||
A2058G | Southern Africa | 23 | 2008–2018 | [127] | ||
A2059G | Czech | 3.3 | 2004–2017 | [118] | ||
A2059G | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 4.8 | 2006–2013 | [120] | ||
A2059G | Northern Italy | 1.9 | 2016–2017 | [122] | ||
A2059G | Manitoba, Canada | 2.7 | 2012–2016 | [121] | ||
A2059G | Barcelona, Spain | 0.9 | 2015 | [124] | ||
A2059G | Brazilian Marajó Archipelago | 16.2 | 2018–2019 | [126] | ||
Tetracycline resistance | tetB | – | Shandong, China | 8.8 | 2014–2015 | [128] |