Resurgence of syphilis: focusing on emerging clinical strategies and preclinical models

Xiong, Shun; Liu, Zhaoping; Zhang, Xiaohong; Huang, Shaobin; Ding, Xuan; Zhou, Jie; Yao, Jiangchen; Li, Weiwei; Liu, Shuangquan; Zhao, Feijun

doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04685-4

Journal of Translational Medicine

Table 1 Studies on candidate antigens of T. pallidum for serological diagnosis

From: Resurgence of syphilis: focusing on emerging clinical strategies and preclinical models

Gene (ORF number)	Protein name	Protein description	Immunoreactivity with syphilis sera (ELISA test ratio)^a	Immunoreactivity with syphilis sera (2DGE immunoblot)^b	Seroreactivity at syphilis stages	Sensitivity/specificity (%)	detection method	Published (year)	References
Inner membrane lipoproteins
tp0171	Tp15	15 kDa lipoprotein	None	+++	All stages	100/100	Western blot	2001	[14]
tp0435	Tp17	17 kDa lipoprotein	9.6–16.6	+++	All stages	96/100	western blot	2001	[14]
tp0574	Tp47	47 kDa penicillin- binding protein, carboxypeptidase	2.9–10.0	+++	All stages primary and secondary syphilis	100/20 79.8/95.3	western blot PCR	2001 2015	[14] [16]
tp0768	TmpA	44.5 kDa lipoprotein	8.2–15.3	+++	All stages	76–100/99.6	ELISA/western blot	1989/2001	[14, 15]
tp0319	TmpC	35 kDa lipoprotein, purine nucleoside receptor A lipoprotein	2.8–6.2	+/++	All stages	100/100	–	1996	[108]
tp0684	Tp38	38 kDa lipoprotein, methylgalactoside ABC transporter, galactose/glucose-binding lipoprotein	6.8–19.0	+++	All stages	–	ELISA	2004	[109]
tp0821	Tp32	32 kDa lipoprotein, l-methionine-binding lipoprotein	1.0–1.7	None	All stages	91.0–98.3/94.3–100	ELISA	2016	[12]
Surface-exposed and outer membrane associated proteins
tp0897	TprK	Heterogenic antigen variable by gene conversion	None	None	–	–	ELISA	2004/2014	[110,111,112]
tp0663	TROMP-2	28-kDa outer membrane protein, FlaA homolog	0.8–1.9	None	All stages	98.83/100	ELISA	2016	[10]
tp0326	Tp92	BamA (β-barrel assembly machinery protein A) ortholog	1.2–2.6	None	Mostly at primary stage; lower reactivity in secondary and early latent stage	86/99 98/97	ELISA	2013/2003	[6, 7]
tp0453	Tp0453	Proposed carrier of lipids and glycolipids	None	+/++	–	98/100 100/100	ELISA	2013/2003	[6, 7]
Adhesins
tp0155	Tp0155	Binds to the matrix form of fibronectin and exhibit peptidase enzymatic activity	None	None	low reactive at primary stage	–/27.9	ELISA	2003	[7]
tp0483	Tp0483	Binds to both the soluble and matrix forms of fibronectin	None	None	Low reactive at primary stage	–/41.8	ELISA	2003	[7]
tp0751	Tp0751	25.8 kDa protein; it binds to laminin and exhibits metalloprotease activity	None	None	–	–/41.8	ELISA	2003	[7]
Putative periplasmic proteins
tp0257	Gpd	Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, binds Fc-fragment of human IgA, IgD, and IgG immunoglobulins	3.0–7.3	None	All stages	91/93	ELISA	2003	[7]
tp1038	TpF1	Bacterioferritin, homodecamer from 19-kDa subunits	0.8–2.2	+++	All stages	93–100/100	ELISA	2013	[8]
Flagellar proteins
tp0868	FlaB1	Flagellar filament 34.5-kDa core protein	None	+++	All stages	95.4/98.9	ELISA	1993	[13]
tp0792	FlaB2	Flagellar filament 33-kDa core protein	None	+++	All stages	92.6/95.8	ELISA	1993	[13]
tp0870	FlaB3	Flagellar filament 31-kDa core protein	None	+++	All stages	95.1/95.8	ELISA	1993	[13]

ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, None unknown, 2DGE two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
^aThe chemiluminescence ratio refers to the relative light units resulting from the binding of serum Ig to the T. pallidum-GST fusion protein, divided by the value obtained when wells were coated with GST alone. Significant reactivity is indicated by boldface
^bReactivity was evaluated subjectively as nonreactive (−), weakly reactive (+), moderately reactive (++), or highly reactive (+++)

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ISSN: 1479-5876

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