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Table 2 Cox model with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of Chronic fatigue syndrome associated with pathogens, sex and age

From: Increased risk of chronic fatigue syndrome following infection: a 17-year population-based cohort study

Variable

Chronic fatigue syndrome

Event

PY

IR

cHR (95% CI)

p-value

aHR (95% CI)

p-value

Cohort with infection

 No

11,511

3,137,363

3.67

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Yes

21,861

4,047,015

5.40

1.5 (1.46, 1.53)***

 0.001

1.5 (1.47, 1.54)***

 0.001

Pathogens

 Cohort without infection

11,511

3,137,363

3.67

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Varicella-zoster virus

2382

481,446

4.95

1.36 (1.3, 1.42)***

< 0.001

1.09 (1.04, 1.14)***

< 0.001

 Epstein-Barr virus

6

1122

5.35

1.47 (0.66, 3.28)

0.3437

1.71 (0.77, 3.81)

0.1881

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis

641

111,209

5.76

1.59 (1.47, 1.73)***

< 0.001

1.45 (1.34, 1.57)***

< 0.001

  E. coli

350

60,035

5.83

1.62 (1.46, 1.8)***

< 0.001

1.17 (1.05, 1.3)**

0.0052

  Candida

3878

767,616

5.05

1.39 (1.34, 1.44)***

< 0.001

1.43 (1.37, 1.48)***

< 0.001

 Enterovirus

29

4396

6.60

1.84 (1.27, 2.64)**

0.0011

1.86 (1.29, 2.67)***

< 0.001

  Salmonella

137

26,687

5.13

1.42 (1.2, 1.68)***

< 0.001

1.41 (1.19, 1.67)***

< 0.001

  Staphylococcus aureus

71

11,970

5.93

1.65 (1.3, 2.08)***

< 0.001

1.38 (1.09, 1.74)**

0.0075

  Chlamydia pneumoniae

3

748

4.01

1.09 (0.35, 3.39)

0.8784

0.93 (0.3, 2.87)

0.8937

 Influenza virus

14,219

2,546,888

5.58

1.56 (1.52, 1.6)***

< 0.001

1.67 (1.63, 1.71)***

< 0.001

  Orientia tsutsugamushi

18

3629

4.96

1.35 (0.85, 2.14)

0.2037

1.38 (0.87, 2.19)

0.1756

  Mycoplasma

80

21,456

3.73

1.03 (0.82, 1.28)

0.8089

0.93 (0.75, 1.16)

0.5387

 Dengue virus

44

9559

4.60

1.32 (0.98, 1.78)

0.0638

1.22 (0.91, 1.64)

0.185

  Borrelia burgdorferi

3

255

11.77

3.21 (1.04, 9.91)*

0.0425

3.37 (1.09, 10.44)*

0.0355

Sex

 Female

20,794

4,283,422

4.85

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Male

12,578

2,900,956

4.34

0.89 (0.87, 0.91)***

< 0.001

0.91 (0.89, 0.93)***

< 0.001

Age (years)

 < 40

14,080

3,724,544

3.78

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 40–64

13,936

2,730,127

5.10

1.35 (1.32, 1.39)***

< 0.001

1.2 (1.17, 1.23)***

< 0.001

 65+

5356

729,706

7.34

1.97 (1.91, 2.03)***

< 0.001

1.59 (1.54, 1.65)***

< 0.001

  1. PY Person-Year; IR Incidence rate, per 1000 persons/years; HR Hazard ratio; CI confidence interval; Adjusted HR adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities and medications in Cox proportional hazards regression
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001