Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort

Demographics

 Age, years

63 (54 – 71)

62 (54 – 71)

 Male sex, n (%)

151 (71%)

78 (71%)

 Race/ethnicity, n (%)

  White

210 (98.1%)

108 (98.2%)

  Black

4 (1.9%)

3 (1.8%)

  Weight, kg

76 (65 – 85)

77 (68 – 84)

Body mass index, kg/m²

24.6 (22.2 – 28.3)

25.5 (23.5 – 28.2)

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Hypertension

142 (66.4%)

72 (65.5%)

 Atrial fibrillation

29 (13.6%)

24 (21.8%)

 Peripheral vasculopathy

19 (8.5%)

8 (7.3%)

 Type 2 diabetes mellitus

15 (7.0%)

7 (6.4%)

 Smoking status (former smoker or current smoker)

76 (35.5%)

40 (36.4%)

 Dyslipidemia

65 (30.4%)

25 (22.7%)

Medication, n (%)

 Antiplatelet

38 (17.8%)

18 (16.4%)

 Beta-blocker

108 (50.5%)

41 (37.3%)

 ACEi or ARB

99 (46.3%)

50 (45.5%)

 Statin

50 (23.4%)

39 (35.5%)

 Diuretic^a

57 (26.6%)

27 (24.5%)

Baseline clinical data

 Leucocytes, × 10⁹/L

6.40 (5.30 – 7.40)

6.35 (5.43 – 7.62)

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

14.2 (13.2 – 15.2)

14.0 (13.1 – 14.8)

 Platelets, × 10⁹/L

204 (176 – 241)

212 (184 – 246)

 Albumin, g/dL

4.0 (3.8 – 4.1)

3.9 (3.8 – 4.1)

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m^{2 b}

90 (80 − 98)

91 (82 − 100)

 Urea, mg/dL^c

35.0 (30.0 – 41.3)

36.0 (29.0 – 43.0)

 Troponin I, μg/L

0.01 (0.01 – 0.01)

0.01 (0.01 – 0.01)

 NYHA classification, n (%)

  1

75 (35.4%)

43 (39.1%)

  2

133 (62.1%)

65 (59.1%)

  3

6 (2.8%)

2 (1.8%)

 Left ventricular ejection fraction, %

62.9 (58.0 – 68.0)

61.0 (58.0 – 66.0)

 Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, mm Hg

30.0 (28.0 − 37.0)

30.0 (22.3 − 38.0)

 EuroSCORE II for operative risk, %^d

1.17 (0.85 − 1.99)

1.03 (0.69 − 1.83)

 STS risk score, %^e

  Risk of mortality

0.64 (0.34 – 1.13)

0.60 (0.41 – 1.36)

  Risk of morbidity or mortality

8.55 (6.50 − 10.87)

8.47 (6.66 − 12.25)

  Risk of renal failure

1.34 (0.90 − 2.22)

1.29 (0.90 − 2.07)

 Thakar score^f

  0.4

165 (77.1%)

90 (81.8%)

  1.8

49 (22.9%)

20 (18.2%)

Operative data

 Aortic cross-clamp, min

79.5 (59.0 − 97.0)

79.5 (60.0 − 104.5)

 Cardiopulmonary bypass time, min

112.5 (90.0 − 138.0)

115.0 (98.0 − 149.8)

 Procedure, n (%)

  Coronary artery bypass graft only

8 (3.8%)

4 (3.6%)

   Valve only

107 (50.5%)

58 (52.7%)

   Combined or other

97 (45.8%)

48 (43.6%)

  Minimally invasive

141 (66%)

72 (65%)

  Intraoperative diuresis, mL

1000 (550 − 1377)

800 (552 − 1200)

  Surgery fluid balance, mL

3650 (2880 − 4327)

3815 (2892 − 4537)

  Lowest mean arterial pressure, mmHg

66.7 (63.3 − 66.7)

66.7 (63.3 − 73.3)

  Lowest hemoglobin, g/dL

10.5 (8.9 − 10.9)

9.6 (8.7 − 10.8)

  Red blood cell transfusion, n (%)

6 (2.8%)

11 (10.0%)a

ICU data

 Mechanical ventilation, days

1.0 (1.0 − 1.0)

1.0 (1.0 − 1.0)

 Intra-aortic balloon pump, n (%)

5 (2.3%)

3 (2.7%)

 Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation, n (%)

2 (0.9%)

1 (0.9%)

 Myocardial infarction, n (%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.9%)

 Stroke, n (%)

1 (0.5%)

3 (2.7%)

 Re-intervention, n (%)

6 (2.8%)

2 (1.8%)

 Day 1 fluid balance, mL

 − 718 (− 1274 to − 117)

 − 150 (− 640 to 301)

 Day 2 fluid balance, mL

 − 150 (− 640 to 301)

 − 270 (− 1020 to 115)

 Weight difference, kg^g

 − 1.50 (− 3.00 to − 0.10)

- 2.05 (− 3.40 to − 0.02)

 ACEi or ARB use, n (%)

53 (24.8%)

22 (20.0%)

 Aminoglycoside use, n (%)

2 (0.9%)

0 (0%)

 Vancomycin use, n (%)

3 (1.4%)

0 (0%)

 NSAID drug use, n (%)

4 (1.9%)

0 (0%)

 Mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg

within the first 24 h, n (%)

83 (38.8%)

35 (31.8%)

 Inotropes, n (%)

67 (31.3%)

41 (37.3%)

 ICU stay, h

57 (41 − 87)

51 (41 − 71)

 Hospital stay, days

6 (6 − 8)

5 (4 − 6)

3-month follow-up data

 ACEi or ARB

125 (58.4%)

65 (59.6%)

 Readmission, n (%)

4 (1.9%)

5 (4.5%)

 3-month mortality, n (%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.9%)

1-year follow-up data

 ACEi or ARB

112 (52.8%)

59 (54.1%)

 1-year mortality, n (%)

2 (0.9%)

1 (0.9%)