Skip to main content
Download PDF

Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells as induction therapy are safe and feasible in renal allografts: pilot results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial

Journal of Translational Medicine volume 16, Article number: 52 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Kidneys from deceased donors are being used to meet the growing need for grafts. However, delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection incidences are high, leading to adverse effects on graft outcomes. Optimal induction intervention should include both renal structure injury repair and immune response suppression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with potent anti-inflammatory, regenerative, and immune-modulatory properties are considered a candidate to prevent DGF and acute rejection in renal transplantation. Thus, this prospective multicenter paired study aimed to assess the clinical value of allogeneic MSCs as induction therapy to prevent both DGF and acute rejection in deceased donor renal transplantation.

Methods

Forty-two renal allograft recipients were recruited and divided into trial and control groups. The trial group (21 cases) received 2 × 106/kg human umbilical-cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) via the peripheral vein before renal transplantation, and 5 × 106 cells via the renal artery during the surgical procedure. All recipients received standard induction therapy. Incidences of DGF and biopsy-proven acute rejection were recorded postoperatively and severe postoperative complications were assessed. Graft and recipient survivals were also evaluated.

Results

Treatment with UC-MSCs achieved comparable graft and recipient survivals with non-MSC treatment (P = 0.97 and 0.15, respectively). No increase in postoperative complications, including DGF and acute rejection, were observed (incidence of DGF: 9.5% in the MSC group versus 33.3% in the non-MSC group, P = 0.13; Incidence of acute rejection: 14.3% versus 4.8%, P = 0.61). Equal postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rates were found between the two groups (P = 0.88). All patients tolerated the MSCs infusion without adverse clinical effects. Additionally, a multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization assay revealed that UC-MSCs administered via the renal artery were absent from the recipient’s biopsy sample.

Conclusions

Umbilical-cord-derived MSCs can be used as clinically feasible and safe induction therapy. Adequate timing and frequency of UC-MSCs administration may have a significant effect on graft and recipient outcomes.

Trial registration NCT02490020. Registered on June 29 2015

Background

Renal transplantation is currently the preferred treatment for patients with end-stage renal failure [1]. To address the widening gap between the growing need for renal transplantation and the availability of organs from brain-dead donors, the use of kidneys from donors after circulatory death has increased and become the major source of transplants in several countries [2]. However, during deceased donor renal transplantation, prolonged ischemic time from donor harvest to kidney reperfusion in the recipients resulted in higher incidences of delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection, which has adverse effects on grafts outcomes [3,4,5,6]. For renal allografts, DGF is primarily a consequence of pre-transplant injury and immune responses after reperfusion, whereas acute rejection is related to T cell clonal expansion and differentiation of effector cells during donor kidney injury [7]. Hence, the optimal therapy to prevent both DGF and acute rejection for renal transplantation using deceased donors should be able to repair renal structure injury and suppress immune response simultaneously. However, no current induction therapies possessed such capacity.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) present significant anti-inflammatory, tissue repair, and immune-modulatory properties, and could be used in a novel cell-based approach in renal transplantation. Effects of MSCs have been explored in several preclinical models of acute kidney injury (AKI) [8]. MSCs could attenuate the process of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy, reduce macrophage infiltration and inflammatory cytokine expression, and increase anti-inflammatory factors in a rat kidney allograft model [9, 10]. Although initial trials showed safety and feasibility of MSCs treatment in renal transplantation, few data on its capacity to prevent both DGF and acute rejection have been reported, and the disadvantages associated with uncertainty of influencing factors, timing, dosage, route of administration, and frequency of treatment had negative effects on the clinical application of MSCs [11,12,13,14].

Thus, we conducted a multicenter randomized controlled trial of MSCs to clarify the clinical value of allogeneic MSCs, i.e., human umbilical-cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs), as induction therapy to prevent both DGF and acute rejection in deceased donor renal transplantation.

Methods

Study design

This is a prospective multicenter paired study including three kidney transplant institutions (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine University). The study protocol was approved by the three institutions’ Ethics Committee of Human Study, which was established according to the Operational Guidelines for Ethics Committees that Review Biomedical Research developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) [15].

No organs from executed prisoners were used in the study, and the kidneys from all donors were procured in accordance with the WHO principles, Declaration of Helsinki, and Istanbul Declaration [16, 17].

Donors were selected based on confirmed patient identity, age ≤ 65 years, no history of kidney disease, drug abuse or uncontrollable psychotic symptoms, no active infection including HIV, bacteria or fungus, no history of uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus with complications, no history of malignant melanoma, metastatic or incurable malignancy [18].

Organ donation and recovery was facilitated by organ procurement organizations in the three kidney transplant institutions, which were established by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China. Before procurement, written informed consent was obtained from the donor’s immediate family, who agreed to withdraw life support and donate the kidney. The obtained consent was provided to the Organ Donation Committee, which supervised the donation process. Organ procurement and management was strictly processed according to the national guidelines for donation after cardiac death in China [18].

Participants

Based on preliminary studies [3, 19], 15 patients per arm should be required to achieve a power of 90% with a two-sided significance level of P < 0.05. To account for possible dropouts, the target number of patients was, therefore, set at 20 per arm. In the pilot study, 42 participants who received graft donations from the same donors from January 2016 to December 2016 were recruited and divided into two groups randomly. The participants were assigned to either the UC-MSCs treatment group or the control group in a 1:1 ratio using a block randomization method. A randomization list has been pregenerated. The participants were blinded to the treatment group throughout the study. The trial group simultaneously received UC-MSCs via the peripheral vein before operation and via the renal artery during operation. All the participants were recruited from the three transplant units. Written informed consent to participate in this study was obtained from the participants (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Study design and protocol for UC-MSCs administration in renal transplantation to prevent DGF and acute rejection

Full size image

Endpoints

The primary endpoints of this study included DGF in 1 week post transplantation, biopsy proven acute rejection (BPAR) in 1 year. The secondary endpoints were severe opportunistic infections related with opportunistic infection as well as pulmonary and urinary tract infection, and other donor specific immune response in 1 year postoperatively.

Immunosuppressive regimen

Antithymocyte globulin (50 mg/day) and methylprednisolone (500 mg/day) were continuously administered intravenously during the first 3 postoperative days as induction therapy. Maintenance immunosuppressive regimens consisted of a calcineurin inhibitor, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. Mycophenolate mofetil, which was initiated immediately after transplantation, was maintained at a daily dose of 1.0–1.5 g. Tacrolimus or cyclosporine was started on days 2–4 at 0.1–0.15 or 6–8 mg/kg/day, respectively, based on the level of recovery of renal graft function. The immunosuppressive regimens were adjusted to achieve the target therapeutic trough levels in the peripheral blood (5–8 ng/ml for tacrolimus, and 130–150 ng/ml for cyclosporine). Oral administration of prednisone, which was initiated at 30 mg/day on day 4 following transplantation, was reduced by 5 mg/week until a maintenance dose of 10–15 mg/day.

Umbilical cord blood units

The UC-MSCs used in this study were isolated after birth, with written consent from the parents, and a total volume of 100–120 ml was harvested at passages 4–7. The processing and expansion of the cells took place at the Good Manufacturing Practice Stem Cell Laboratory Facility of Sun Yat-sen University, as previously described [19]. Characterization of the final product, which expressed CD90, CD73, CD105, CD44, and CD166, was determined by flow cytometric analysis. Before infusion, the UC-MSCs were subjected to aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal cultures and tested for mycoplasma infection; subsequently, their sterility was confirmed.

Procedures

A stem-cell dose of 2 × 106 UC-MSCs per kilogram body weight was administered for 30 min via the peripheral vein before renal transplantation. Vital signs were monitored continuously during the infusion. The dose of UC-MSCs administered via the renal artery during the surgical procedure was 5 × 106 cells. Before releasing the renal artery, the targeted UC-MSCs were administered into the kidney and maintained for 10 min (Fig. 1).

Clinical assessments and data collection

Participants were observed during the infusion and monitored for infusion reactions before operation. Additional adverse events (AEs) were identified through interviews with the participants during UC-MSC administration. For renal artery administration, renal perfusion after releasing the allograft artery was observed, and we assessed whether the renal capsule was full and plump and the renal cortex had ischemic areas. Additionally, urine volume from the release of the allograft vessels was also observed. After hospital discharge, AEs were identified through clinic visits or phone interviews with the participants at 3, 9, and 12 months after infusion.

Baseline clinical demographics of the donors (age, gender, body mass index, medical history, type of allograft, infection status, serum creatinine, causes of death, time of ICU, urine volume per day, creatinine level at organ procurement, time of warm and cold ischemia, vasoactive drugs, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CMV infection status) were documented. For the recipients, the clinical data included age, gender, medical history, current medication, blood type, previous blood transfusions, panel-reactive antibody (PRA), infection status, physical and laboratory examinations, and dialysis methods and duration. Other specifications, such as the number of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatching between donor and recipient, complement dependent cytotoxicity, time-zero biopsy of the donated kidney, were also collected. All immunosuppressive agents and other drugs used and dosages administered were recorded during the study. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease 2006 formulae were used to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) [20].

Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, and urine volume per day were recorded to evaluate the renal function. Renal color ultrasound was performed postoperatively. In our study, DGF was defined as the use of dialysis in the first postoperative week, or failure of serum creatinine to decrease by 10% in the first 48 h following transplantation [21]. When acute rejection is suspected clinically, renal allograft biopsy was performed and classified according to Banff 2013 classification [22]. Incidences of pulmonary and urinary tract infections as well as other opportunistic infections such as CMV infection were monitored after the operation. Additionally, laboratory examinations, such as routine blood test, routine urine test, liver and renal function, and concentration of CNI, were performed once a week for 3 months after the operation and, thereafter, once every 2 weeks for 3–6 months and once a month for 6–12 months.

Statistical methods

Differences in clinical characteristics of the participants were examined with paired t test for continuous variables and McNemar’s test for discrete variables. Kaplan–Meier curves were plotted to depict graft and recipient survivals, and a curve comparison was performed between the two groups using the log-rank test. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science 21.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Baseline characteristics of donors and recipients

Table 1 shows the qualitative and quantitative variables of the 21 donors. The mean age of the donors was 41.0 ± 11.5 years (> 40 years, 42.9%; men, 85.7%). The most frequent cause of death was head trauma (61.8%), followed by cerebrovascular accident (23.8%), and others (14.4%), and 33.3% of the donors had a history of hypertension and 4.8% had diabetes. In 85.7% of the donors, vasoactive drugs were used before organ procurement, and 14.3% of the donors received cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Terminal serum creatinine was 188.5 ± 113.9 μmol/l. The mean duration of warm ischemia time was 11.1 ± 4.5 min. No CMV infection was found in all donors.

Table 1 Demographics of the donors included in this study
Full size table

Clinical variables of the 42 recipients were also described. The mean age of the recipients was 43.9 ± 10.1 years (59.5% were men, 97.5% were recipients of first transplants, and only one patient had a previous transplantation). The mean preoperative serum creatinine level was 1036.9 ± 290.2 μmol/l, with a mean dialysis duration of 2.2 ± 1.9 years. The mean BMI of recipients was 22.9 kg/m2 (range 18.5–30 kg/m2). None of the recipients had positive PRA, and 20 recipients had 0–1 of 6 possible mismatches at the HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DR loci. The mean duration of cold ischemia time was 5.2 ± 1.6 h. All transplants were ABO compatible.

The matched group where paired recipients received graft donations from the same donors was investigated (Table 2). Based on the use of UC-MSCs, 42 recipients who received graft donations from the same donors were divided into two groups: MSC group (n = 21) and non-MSC group (n = 21). No significant differences in baseline characteristics were found between the two groups (P > 0.05). 15 cases received tacrolimus in MSC-group, compared with 14 cases in no-MSC group, which has no significance in the two groups (P = 0.5) .

Table 2 Paired recipients who received graft donations from the same donors stratified by MSC
Full size table

For sex-mismatch transplants, six female recipients of male allografts, and one male recipient of female allograft were found in MSC group compared with nine female recipients of male allografts, and one male recipient of female allograft in no-MSC group (P = 0.67).

Postoperative complications and safety monitoring

No significant difference in postoperative complications between the two groups was noted (all P > 0.05; Table 2). In the MSC group, 9.5% developed DGF 1 week postoperatively; in the non-MSC group, 33.3% (P = 0.13). Moreover, 14.3% of cases from the MSC group and 4.8% in non-MSC group had AR (P = 0.61). Although the incidences of severe infections related to urinary and respiratory tracts were lower in the MSC group, no significant difference was found (P = 0.46). No CMV infection occurred in all patients.

All patients tolerated the MSC infusion, and no adverse clinical effects, such as fever, headache, vomiting, weakness, hematuria, or allergic reactions, were observed. AEs related to cell infusion were not detected in any of the patients during the 12-month follow-up.

Kidney function outcomes

Serum creatinine levels were recorded at different follow-up time points, and no significant difference in serum creatinine curves was found between the two groups (P > 0.05). For the eGFR, patients in the MSC group had a mean eGFR value of 4.95 ± 1.73 ml/min/1.73 m2 at baseline, which increased to 43.80 ± 16.21 ml/min/1.73 m2 at the 12-month visit. The mean eGFR of patients in the non-MSC group increased from 5.48 ± 1.50 ml/min/1.73 m2 (baseline) to 42.78 ± 23.15 ml/min/1.73 m2 1 year after cell infusion (P = 0.88) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

The eGFR curves at different time points during the follow-up period in UC-MSCs and non-MSC groups. No significant difference in eGFR changes postoperatively between the two groups was found (P = 0.88)

Full size image

Graft and patient outcomes following kidney transplantation

The median follow-up time for graft and recipient in the MSC and non-MSC groups was 12 months (range 1–12 months, and 12 months for graft and recipient in MSC group; 0.5–12 months in non-MSC group). Graft survival in the MSC group was comparable to that in the non-MSC group (P = 0.97; Fig. 3a). A similar analysis revealed no significant difference in recipient survival between the two groups (P = 0.15; Fig. 3b). One-year graft and recipient survivals were comparable between the MSC and non-MSC groups (95.2 versus 95.2%, P = 0.76 and 100 versus 90.5%, P = 0.24, respectively). In the MSC group, one patient had renal allograft ruptures postoperatively due to peri-renal abscess and resected transplanted kidneys. In the non-MSC group, one patient had renal allograft embolism. Two patients in the non-MSC group died of severe pneumonia.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Kaplan–Meier survival estimates after renal transplantation in recipients of kidneys with or without UC-MSCs. a Graft survival in the MSC group was comparable to that in the non-MSC group (P = 0.97). b A similar analysis revealed no significant difference in recipient survival between the two groups (P = 0.15)

Full size image

Location of MSCs in vivo

To understand the effect of MSCs on the renal allograft, we performed a multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay to detect cell location using a kidney biopsy sample. We selected a dose of UC-MSCs, which were isolated after birth with written consent from the parents. Chromosomes “XY” were confirmed by the multiprobe FISH assay. Subsequently, the selected UC-MSCs were administered to female recipients according to the aforementioned process. Based on the protocol, biopsy of the renal allograft was performed 7 days after the operation. Multiprobe FISH assay was also conducted to detect whether UC-MSCs are present in the biopsy sample. No UC-MSCs with chromosomes “XY” were found in the female recipient’s biopsy sample (Fig. 4A, B).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Detection of UC-MSCs in a recipient’s biopsy sample by a multiprobe FISH assay. No UC-MSCs with chromosomes “XY” were found in a female recipient’s biopsy sample. A The female recipient’s biopsy sample showed two red signals representing chromosomes “XX”. Original magnification of FISH images, oil objective (×100). B The FISH assay showed one red and one green signals representing chromosomes “XY” in a control male recipient’s biopsy sample. Original magnification of FISH images, oil objective (×100)

Full size image

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multicenter randomized paired trial that showed the safety and feasibility of UC-MSCs infusion in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. We found that systemic administration of fresh UC-MSCs as induction therapy could achieve a substantial reduction in the incidence of DGF, although no significant difference was found between the MSC and non-MSC groups. Additionally, we also demonstrated that the administration of UC-MSCs via the renal artery during operation is not feasible because no injected MSCs were observed in the renal allograft.

Mesenchymal stem cells not only can limit inflammatory responses but also have the potential to induce antifibrotic activity and tissue regeneration [23,24,25]. Multiple studies using animal models have attempted to prove the beneficial effects of MSC on tissue injury and inflammation and presented promising results; however, few studies that assess the safety and efficacy of MSCs clinically have been conducted. In a recent study, patients administered with autologous MSCs had a lower incidence of acute rejection and opportunistic infection and better eGFR at 1 year postoperatively [12]. Although recent MSC trials in renal transplantation presented evidence on the benefits of MSC, no studies on the simultaneous prevention of DGF and acute rejection by MSCs in deceased donor renal transplantation exist. Additionally, most studies used autologous MSCs, which possess several key disadvantages due to lack of donor selection and availability “off-the-shelf” for clinical use without the delay required for expansion [26]. Moreover, numerous different challenges in the use of MSCs in clinical trials exist. Firstly, because of the absence of updated and adequate good manufacturing practice guidelines for MSC-based therapy for the kidneys, MSCs may be derived from different materials, which may in turn exert a different influence on clinical trial results [27]. Secondly, no studies involving a large dose of MSCs have been conducted, and in most studies, the dose and frequency of MSC administration are empirically chosen. Studies on renal transplantation typically involved a dose ranging from 0.58 × 106 to 5.0 × 106 MSCs per kilogram body weight; however, in graft-versus-host disease, a higher dose of 9.0 × 106 MSCs was administered [25]. The route of MSC administration is another aspect that should be considered in renal treatment. In most clinical studies, intravenous infusion administration was performed; however, cells administered intravenously could also be attracted to lung tissues, thereby affecting the accurate homing of the cells to the renal tissues [28]. Hence, specific delivery of MCSs needs to be performed. It must be noted that MSC-based therapy is currently being developed. Nevertheless, this therapy would be considered a new approach for the treatment of kidney disease. To obtain better outcomes, randomized and controlled multicenter clinical trials are necessary [29].

Consequently, we performed this multicenter randomized paired trial of MSCs to clarify the clinical value of UC-MSCs as induction therapy to prevent both DGF and acute rejection in deceased donor grafts. The ultimate goal of this approach was to achieve low DGF and acute rejection incidences as well as long-term transplant survival. Moreover, confirming the safety and efficacy of human UC-MSCs could expand the source of MSCs. Potential risks of MSCs in solid organ transplantation include direct toxicity, malignancies, and risks for excessive immunosuppression and immunogenicity [30, 31]. In previous studies, some opportunistic infections including BKV nephropathy and cytomegalovirus infections were observed because of immunosuppression related to MSCs [12, 13]. Additionally, due to a short follow-up period and the inclusion of ill patients with poor prognosis, it was difficult to find an association between new malignancies and the use of MSC therapy [32]. In our study, MSCs infusion was safe and well tolerated during the perioperative and follow-up periods with no adverse events, which could be attributed to the adequate good manufacturing practice guideline for MSCs in our center. Moreover, the single dose of 2 × 106 UC-MSCs per kilogram body weight was insufficient to induce direct toxicity and excessive immune suppression and immunogenicity. Risk of malignancies could be evaluated with a longer follow-up period.

In our study, administration of UC-MSCs could not decrease the incidence of DGF and acute rejection. We speculate that the timing and frequency of UC-MSC administration limited the effect on the renal allografts. The timing of MSC administration has been studied in some ischemic disease models [33, 34]. In a previous study, MSCs used immediately or 24 h post ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced significant renoprotection [35]. In a sheep model, MSCs treatment for renal I/R showed that treatment with MSCs at 15 days post-I/R was inferior to immediate treatment [36]. A recent meta-analysis also revealed that MSCs administration 1 day after injury yielded greater therapeutic value than that within 24 h of injury [37]. In our study, three disadvantageous processes possibly limited the positive effect of UC-MSCs administered before the operation. First, the inflammation environment in the early injured kidney was unfavorable for MSCs survival within the tissue, thereby decreasing the stem cell effect. Second, the insufficient expression of the homing adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 prevented MSCs integration into the injured kidney tissue [38]. Third, upregulated pro-inflammatory markers in the I/R kidney tissue, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, prevented the effect of MSCs.

Moreover, we performed a multiprobe FISH assay to detect cell location in a kidney biopsy sample and showed that no UC-MSCs were found in the female recipient’s biopsy sample, which is consistent with aforementioned explanations on the effects of MSCs administration. Additionally, only one dose of UC-MSCs was administered during the operation, which was possibly insufficient to have an effect on renal allograft outcome. Hence, several infusions may be more preferable than one infusion [10]. In a previous clinical trial, a high dose, ranging from 150 to 300 million MSCs, was used because of the low survival and engraftment of MSCs after transplantation. However, this could result in transfusion reactions such as allergic reaction, fever, hypotension, and infection [39]. Thus, we suggested that increasing MSCs administration frequency, such as twice per week over the course of 2 weeks, may provide a sufficient number of cells and prevent risks of transfusion reaction.

In our study, graft and recipient survivals and the incidence of postoperative complications were comparable between the two groups. Postoperative renal function recovery could be understood through changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) curves. We compared the GFR curves postoperatively between the MSC and non-MSC groups; no significant difference was found, indicating similar renal function recovery between the groups.

Our results have some promising significance for future work with UC-MSCs therapy in renal transplantation. However, several limitations of this study must be considered. Firstly, information about the long-term outcome of UC-MSCs therapy in renal transplantation was not available in our study because of the limited follow-up time. Secondly, we failed to fully demonstrate the efficacy of the treatment due to the small sample size and the single dose of cell infusion. Moreover, the small sample size in this study makes full assessment of the differences in DGF incidence difficult, although a lower incidence was found in the MSCs group.

Conclusions

Mesenchymal stem cell-based cell therapy to prevent complications associated with renal transplantation is considered a new horizon. Our pilot study suggests that adequate administration timing and frequency of UC-MSCs possibly have an important effect on graft and recipient outcomes. Furthermore, direct administration of UC-MSCs via the renal artery is insufficient because of the observed absence of injected MSCs in renal tissues. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the therapy is still at the preliminary stages of development. Further studies are needed to fully establish the administration of MSCs as a novel induction therapy in renal transplantation.

Abbreviations

DGF:

delayed graft function

MSCs:

mesenchymal stem cells

UC-MSCs:

umbilical-cord-derived MSCs

WHO:

World Health Organization

HIV:

human immunodeficiency virus

AE:

adverse events

ICU:

intensive care unit

CMV:

cytomegalovirus

PRA:

panel-reactive antibody

HLA:

human leukocyte antigen

eGFR:

estimated glomerular filtration rate

CNI:

calcineurin inhibitor

FISH:

fluorescence in situ hybridization

BKV:

BK virus

I/R:

ischemia/reperfusion

ICAM-1:

intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1

VCAM-1:

vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

GFR:

glomerular filtration rate

References

  1. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Knoll G, Bello A, Browne S, Jadhav D, et al. Systematic review: kidney transplantation compared with dialysis in clinically relevant outcomes. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:2093–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bendorf A, Kelly PJ, Kerridge IH, McCaughan GW, Myerson B, Stewart C, et al. An international comparison of the effect of policy shifts to organ donation following cardiocirculatory death (DCD) on donation rates after brain death (DBD) and transplantation rates. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e62010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Summers DM, Johnson RJ, Allen J, Fuggle SV, Collett D, Watson CJ, et al. Analysis of factors that affect outcome after transplantation of kidneys donated after cardiac death in the UK: a cohort study. Lancet. 2010;376:1303–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Snoeijs MG, Winkens B, Heemskerk MB, Hoitsma AJ, Christiaans MH, Buurman WA, et al. Kidney transplantation from donors after cardiac death: a 25-year experience. Transplantation. 2010;90:1106–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bellingham JM, Santhanakrishnan C, Neidlinger N, Wai P, Kim J, Niederhaus S, et al. Donation after cardiac death: a 29-year experience. Surgery. 2011;150:692–702.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Barlow AD, Metcalfe MS, Johari Y, et al. Case-matched comparison of long-term results of non-heart beating and heart-beating donor renal transplants. Br J Surg. 2009;96:685–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Damman J, Daha MR, van Son WJ, Leuvenink HG, Ploeg RJ, Seelen MA. Crosstalk between complement and Toll-like receptor activation in relation to donor brain death and renal ischemia–reperfusion injury. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:660–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rosenberg ME. Cell-based therapies in kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2011;2013(3):364–7.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Franquesa M, Herrero E, Torras J, Ripoll E, Flaquer M, Gomà M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy prevents interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy in a rat kidney allograft model. Stem Cells Dev. 2012;21:3125–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoogduijn MJ, Popp FC, Grohnert A, Crop MJ, van Rhijn M, Rowshani AT, et al. Advancement of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in solid organ transplantation (MISOT). Transplantation. 2010;90:124–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Perico N, Casiraghi F, Introna M, Gotti E, Todeschini M, Cavinato RA, et al. Autologous mesenchymal stromal cells and kidney transplantation: a pilot study of safety and clinical feasibility. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:412–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Tan J, Wu W, Xu X, Liao L, Zheng F, Messinger S, et al. Induction therapy with autologous mesenchymal stem cells in living related kidney transplants: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307:1169–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Reinders ME, de Fijter JW, Roelofs H, Bajema IM, de Vries DK, Schaapherder AF, et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of allograft rejection after renal transplantation: results of a phase I study. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2013;2:107–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Casiraghi F, Perico N, Cortinovis M, Remuzzi G. Mesenchymal stromal cells in renal transplantation: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12:241–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. World Health Organization. Operational guidelines for ethics committees that review biomedical research. 2000. http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/ethics.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 16 June 2017.

  16. World Health Organization. WHO guiding principles on human cell, tissue and organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2010;90:229–33.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group. Declaration of Istanbul. 2014. http://www.declarationofistanbul.org/about-the-declaration/structure-and-content. Accessed 16 June 2017.

  18. Chinese Society of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Medical Association. National guidelines for donation after cardiac death in China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2013;12:234–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Deng Y, Yi S, Wang G, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Chen W, et al. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells instruct dendritic cells to acquire tolerogenic phenotypes through the IL-6-mediated upregulation of SOCS1. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23:2080–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kumar BV, Mohan T. Retrospective comparison of estimated GFR using 2006 MDRD, 2009 CKD-EPI and Cockcroft-Gault with 24 hour urine creatinine clearance. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11:09–12.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mallon DH, Summers DM, Bradley JA, Pettigrew GJ. Defining delayed graft function after renal transplantation: simplest is best. Transplantation. 2013;96:885–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Haas M. The revised (2013) Banff classification for antibody-mediated rejection of renal allografts: update, difficulties, and future considerations. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:1352–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhou HP, Yi DH, Yu SQ, Sun GC, Cui Q, Zhu HL, et al. Administration of donor-derived mesenchymal stem cells can prolong the survival of rat cardiac allograft. Transplant Proc. 2006;38:3046–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Casiraghi F, Azzollini N, Todeschini M, Cavinato RA, Cassis P, Solini S, et al. Localization of mesenchymal stromal cells dictates their immune or proinflammatory effects in kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2012;12:2373–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Le Blanc K, Frassoni F, Ball L, Locatelli F, Roelofs H, Lewis I, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of steroid-resistant, severe, acute graft-versus-host disease: a phase II study. Lancet. 2008;371:1579–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Reinders ME, Dreyer GJ, Bank JR, Roelofs H, Heidt S, Roelen DL, et al. Safety of allogeneic bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in renal transplant recipients: the neptune study. J Transl Med. 2015;13:344.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Herrera M, Mirotsou M. Stem cells: potential and challenges for kidney repair. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2014;306:F12–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chen C, Hou J. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in kidney transplantation. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2016;7:16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Furlani D, Ugurlucan M, Ong L, Bieback K, Pittermann E, Westien I, et al. Is the intravascular administration of mesenchymal stem cells safe? Mesenchymal stem cells and intravital microscopy. Microvasc Res. 2009;77:370–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Franquesa M, Hoogduijn MJ, Reinders ME, Eggenhofer E, Engela AU, Mensah FK, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells in solid organ transplantation (MiSOT) fourth meeting: lessons learned from first clinical trials. Transplantation. 2013;96:234–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Casiraghi F, Remuzzi G, Abbate M, Perico N, et al. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell therapy and risk of malignancies. Stem Cell Rev. 2013;9:65–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Reinders MEJ, van Kooten C, Rabelink TJ, de Fijter JW. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for solid organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018;102:35–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang LQ, Lin ZZ, Zhang HX, Shao B, Xiao L, Jiang HG, et al. Timing and dose regimens of marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation affect the outcomes and neuroinflammatory response after ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014;20:317–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang S, Sun A, Xu D, Yao K, Huang Z, Jin H, et al. Impact of timing on efficacy and safety of intracoronary autologous bone marrow stem cells transplantation in acute myocardial infarction: a pooled subgroup analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Cardiol. 2009;32:458–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lange C, Tögel F, Ittrich H, Clayton F, Nolte-Ernsting C, Zander AR, et al. Administered mesenchymal stem cells enhance recovery from ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute renal failure in rats. Kidney Int. 2005;68:1613–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Behr L, Hekmati M, Fromont G, Borenstein N, Noel LH, Lelievre-Pegorier M, et al. Intra renal arterial injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in an ovine model in the postischemic kidney. Nephron Physiol. 2007;107:65–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Wang Y, He J, Pei X, Zhao W. Systematic review and meta-analysis of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells therapy for impaired renal function in small animal models. Nephrology (Carlton). 2013;18:201–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ko IK, Kean TJ, Dennis JE. Targeting mesenchymal stem cells to activated endothelial cells. Biomaterials. 2009;30:3702–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Bruno S, Grange C, Collino F, Deregibus MC, Cantaluppi V, Biancone L, et al. Microvesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells enhance survival in a lethal model of acute kidney injury. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e33115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

QQS designed the study with QPS. QQS was the principal investigator and performed the submission to the regulatory authorities, and the ethical committees. QPS, ZYH and FH were involved in drafting of the manuscript. MZ, RHC and DQZ contributed to the study design and to the procedure of patient selection, clinical evaluation and follow-up. LQH, NN and YWP coordinated the procedures for the mesenchymal stromal cell GMP validation, production and quality control. HL, BM, JMH and FHM contributed to design and the implementation of the immune monitoring. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Consent to publish

Written informed consent was obtained from the participant for publication of their individual details and accompanying images in this manuscript. The consent forms are held by the authors and the participants.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committees of the third affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Ref: [2015]2-106), Zhujiang hospital of Southern Medical University (Ref: SMU 101-2015), and the second affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine University (Ref: GTCMU-2015-22). Participation in the study was completely voluntary. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in this study. Participants were able to withdraw from it at any time. The decision to participate or withdraw did not affect their existing treatment or service received. All personal information collected was kept strictly confidential and used for research purposes only. Research team members were responsible for safekeeping the personal data.

Funding

This study was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81470978, 81279834); Major Program of Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2015B020226005); Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2015A030311040); Leading Scientific, Technical and Innovation Talents of Guangdong Special Support Program (No. 510204006192). The funding organizations did not have any role in the study design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of data, in writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the article for publication.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Qipeng Sun and Zhengyu Huang equally contributed to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Renal Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Kaichuang Road 2693, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510530, People’s Republic of China

    Qipeng Sun, Zhengyu Huang, Fei Han, Daqiang Zhao, Liangqing Hong, Ning Na, Heng Li, Bin Miao & Qiquan Sun

  2. Department of Renal Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Gongye Road 253, Guangzhou, 510280, People’s Republic of China

    Ming Zhao & Jianmin Hu

  3. Department of Renal Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Inner Ring Road 55, University City, Guangzhou, 510280, People’s Republic of China

    Ronghua Cao & Fanhang Meng

  4. Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China

    Yanwen Peng

Authors
  1. Qipeng Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhengyu Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fei Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ming Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ronghua Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Daqiang Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Liangqing Hong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ning Na
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Heng Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Bin Miao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Jianmin Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Fanhang Meng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Yanwen Peng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Qiquan Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qiquan Sun.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sun, Q., Huang, Z., Han, F. et al. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells as induction therapy are safe and feasible in renal allografts: pilot results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Transl Med 16, 52 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1422-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1422-x

Keywords

  • Mesenchymal stem cell
  • MSC
  • Renal transplantation
  • Delayed graft function
  • DGF
  • Acute rejection

Journal of Translational Medicine

ISSN: 1479-5876

Contact us