Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics of all participants
| Â | Probiotics | Antibiotics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 63) | Yes (N = 11) | p value | No (N = 61) | Yes (N = 13) | p value | |
Gender | ||||||
 Female | 39 (61.9%) | 7 (63.6%) | 1.000 | 41 (67.2%) | 5 (38.5%) | 0.065 |
 Male | 24 (38.1%) | 4 (36.4%) |  | 20 (32.8%) | 8 (61.5%) |  |
Age,y | ||||||
 Mean (SD) | 54.3 (10.0) | 58.2 (8.57) | 0.202 | 54.7 (9.45) | 55.9 (11.9) | 0.734 |
 Median [Min, Max] | 56.0 [29.0, 74.0] | 59.0 [47.0, 69.0] |  | 55.0 [34.0, 74.0] | 58.0 [29.0, 70.0] |  |
Smoking | ||||||
 No | 47 (74.6%) | 10 (90.9%) | 0.439 | 48 (78.7%) | 9 (69.2%) | 0.480 |
 Yes | 16 (25.4%) | 1 (9.1%) |  | 13 (21.3%) | 4 (30.8%) |  |
ECOG PSa | ||||||
  > 1 | 2 (3.2%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.387 | 2 (3.3%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.445 |
  ≤ 1 | 61 (96.8%) | 10 (90.9%) |  | 59 (96.7%) | 12 (92.3%) |  |
Histology | ||||||
 Non-SCCb | 59 (93.7%) | 10 (90.9%) | 1.000 | 56 (91.8%) | 13 (100%) | 1.000 |
 SCC | 3 (4.8%) | 0 (0%) |  | 3 (4.9%) | 0 (0%) |  |
 Missing | 1 (1.6%) | 1 (9.1%) |  | 2 (3.3%) | 0 (0%) |  |
Liver or brain metastases | ||||||
 No | 28 (44.4%) | 6 (54.5%) | 0.770 | 27 (44.3%) | 7 (53.8%) | 0.747 |
 Yes | 35 (55.6%) | 5 (45.5%) |  | 34 (55.7%) | 6 (46.2%) |  |
PD-L1 | ||||||
  < 1% | 12 (19.0%) | 3 (27.3%) | 0.243 | 14 (23.0%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.408 |
  ≥ 50% | 20 (31.7%) | 6 (54.5%) |  | 21 (34.4%) | 5 (38.5%) |  |
 1–49% | 20 (31.7%) | 1 (9.1%) |  | 16 (26.2%) | 5 (38.5%) |  |
 NAc | 11 (17.5%) | 1 (9.1%) |  | 10 (16.4%) | 2 (15.4%) |  |
Treatment line | ||||||
  > 3 | 37 (58.7%) | 5 (45.5%) | 0.515 | 34 (55.7%) | 8 (61.5%) | 0.766 |
  ≤ 3 | 26 (41.3%) | 6 (54.5%) |  | 27 (44.3%) | 5 (38.5%) |  |
Treatment regimen | ||||||
 ICIsd | 7 (11.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.121 | 6 (9.8%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.812 |
 ICIs + Chemoe/Aisf | 29 (46.0%) | 9 (81.8%) |  | 30 (49.2%) | 8 (61.5%) |  |
 ICIs + Chemo + Ais | 27 (42.9%) | 2 (18.2%) |  | 25 (41.0%) | 4 (30.8%) |  |