Fig. 3

Treatment with a mixture of seven short-chain fatty acid-producing bacterial strains (7-mix) and the resulting culture supernatant mixture (mix-sup) regulates macrophage polarization. A-B. qRT-PCR analysis of the effect of 7-mix, mix-sup, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the mRNA expression of cytokines produced by M1 and M2 macrophages. C. Flow cytometry analysis of the effect of 7-mix, mix-sup, and FMT on macrophage polarization. D-E. Immunofluorescence analysis of the effect of 7-mix, mix-sup, and FMT on the number of F4/80⁺ and CD206⁺ macrophages (×400). N = 3–4. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001