Fig. 2

Variations in metabolite and lipid levels between asthmatic and COPD patients. A The heatmap illustrates the relative abundances of the top 50 metabolites and lipids in asthmatic compared to COPD patients. Red indicates an increase in abundance, while blue a decrease. The columns and rows in the heatmap correspond to the experimental samples and the compounds, respectively. B The volcano plot highlights metabolites and lipid compounds that exhibit significant differences between the two groups, based on fold change (COPD/ASTHMA) and p-value. Specifically, blue dots (Fold Change < 0.67; p-value < 0.05) or red dots (Fold Change > 1.5; p-value < 0.05) indicate significantly downregulated or upregulated metabolites, respectively. Gray dots represent compounds that did not show significant differences. Both the heatmap and volcano plot were generated using the Metaboanalyst software