Fig. 1

Metabolic and lipidomic data analysis of asthmatic and COPD patients using multivariate statistical methods. A The score plot generated by Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and B the score plot produced by Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) visually demonstrates a clear distinction in the metabolome and lipidome profiles between asthmatic and COPD patients. C The VIP score plot, generated using PLS-DA, highlights the top 15 metabolites and lipid compounds that exhibited differences between asthmatic and COPD patients. Colored boxes on the right side of the plot indicate the relative concentration of the corresponding compounds, with blue representing low concentration and red indicating high concentration. These PLS-DA, OPLS-DA, and VIP score plots were generated using the Metaboanalyst software