Fig. 5

Integrated prediction and analysis of key TFs involved in high-glucose treatment. a Key TFs predicted through integrated analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data using ANANSE in high glucose–treated HMrSV5 cells versus controls. b The overlap of HIF-1α candidate target genes with differentially expressed genes in the indicated groups. c Hallmark gene set enrichment of HIF-1α target overexpressed genes in the high glucose-treated group. d, e HIF-1α candidate target genes in the hallmark gene sets of TGF-beta signaling (d) and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) (e). f Overexpression of HIF-1α exacerbates the high glucose-induced increase in TGF-β1 mRNA expression in HMrSV5 cells. ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. P values were calculated by Student’s t test. g Overexpression of HIF-1α exacerbates the high glucose-induced increase in the transcription of the TGF-β1 promoter in HMrSV5 cells, as determined by dual luciferase reporter assays. h Quantitative assessment of TGF-β1 in the cell culture medium using ELISA