Table 1 Summary of the mitochondrial transplantation studies described in the present review

New Zealand white rabbits (male)

Focal ischemia

Heart

Autograft:

Pectoralis major muscle

Direct injection 8 times, 1 min before reperfusion

No significant increase in serum inflammatory markers, No anti-mitochondrial antibodies in serum

[80]

Yorkshire pigs (female)

Focal ischemia

Heart

Autograft:

Pectoralis major muscle

Direct injection 8 times, 1 min before reperfusion

No significant increase in serum cytokines

[81]

Wistar rats (male)

Focal ischemia

Heart

Allograft:

Muscle

Direct injection, upon reperfusion

Modulated autophagic activity, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines

[71]

1) Wistar rats

2) patient-derived hLCLs

1) Poly I:C MIA

2) Schizophrenia

1) Brain

2) Cell

1) Allograft: Brain

2) hLCLs

1) IC

2) Co-culture

MTx to Poly I:C MIA showed improved immune balance

MTx to healthy hLCLs exhibited immune imbalance, and stress-related chemokine release

[79]

ICR mice (male)

Depression

Brain

Allograft:

Hippocampus

IV, upon or 6 h after LPS injection

Decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine levels, improved mood-related behavior

[75]

SD rats

Focal ischemia

Spinal cord

Allograft:

Soleus muscle

Direct injection 2 times,

Following SCI

Alleviated cellular apoptosis and inflammation responses

[72]

SD rats (male)

Tendinopathy

Tendon

Allograft:

L6 rat myoblast cell lines

Direct injection, 2 weeks after collagenase injection

Reduced inflammation, and apoptosis; Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased anti-inflammatory cytokines

[76]

SD rats (male)

Osteoarthritis

Knee joint

BMSCs from tibia and femur

Direct injection into joint cavity,

Once a week for 6 weeks

Increased the production of ATP, inhibited apoptosis, and decreased the production of ROS

[77]

C57BL/6 mice (male)

Sepsis

Whole body

Allograft:

Pectoralis major muscle

IV (tail vein), 120 min after CLP

Reduced inflammation, enhanced bacterial clearance, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines

[69]

BALB/C mice (male)

Sepsis

Whole body

UC-MSCs

IV, upon or 30 min after LPS injection

Inhibited the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/ chemokines, Inhibited the NFκB signaling pathway

[78]