Table 1 Characteristics of the study population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 (N = 2422)
Variables | Vitamin B1 intake, mg/d | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Q1(≤ 0.97) | Q2(0.98–1.33) | Q3(1.34–1.82) | Q4(> 1.82) | p-Value | |
Number of participants | 2422 | 606 | 602 | 608 | 606 | |
Age (years) | 69.3 ± 6.7 | 69.5 ± 6.5 | 69.2 ± 6.8 | 69.8 ± 7.0 | 68.8 ± 6.6 | 0.077 |
Gender, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Male | 1190 (49.1) | 225 (37.1) | 250 (41.5) | 296 (48.7) | 419 (69.1) | |
Female | 1232 (50.9) | 381 (62.9) | 352 (58.5) | 312 (51.3) | 187 (30.9) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 6.4 | 29.5 ± 6.3 | 29.2 ± 6.7 | 29.3 ± 6.3 | 28.9 ± 6.5 | 0.492 |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Non-Hispanic white | 1214 (50.1) | 274 (45.2) | 285 (47.3) | 325 (53.5) | 330 (54.5) | |
Non-Hispanic black | 568 (23.5) | 182 (30.0) | 153 (25.4) | 123 (20.2) | 110 (18.2) | |
Mexican American | 206 (8.5) | 40 (6.6) | 44 (7.3) | 60 (9.9) | 62 (10.2) | |
Others | 434 (17.9) | 110 (18.2) | 120 (19.9) | 100 (16.4) | 104 (17.2) | |
Education level (year), n (%) | 0.546 | |||||
< 9 | 245 (10.1) | 69 (11.4) | 61 (10.1) | 58 (9.5) | 57 (9.4) | |
9–12 | 889 (36.7) | 232 (38.3) | 225 (37.4) | 224 (36.8) | 208 (34.3) | |
> 12 | 1288 (53.2) | 305 (50.3) | 316 (52.5) | 326 (53.6) | 341 (56.3) | |
Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Married or living with a partner | 1413 (58.3) | 309 (51.0) | 342 (56.8) | 356 (58.6) | 406 (67.0) | |
Living alone | 1009 (41.7) | 297 (49.0) | 260 (43.2) | 252 (41.4) | 200 (33.0) | |
Family income, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Low | 704 (29.1) | 213 (35.1) | 176 (29.2) | 173 (28.5) | 142 (23.4) | |
Medium | 929 (38.4) | 227 (37.5) | 233 (38.7) | 246 (40.5) | 223 (36.8) | |
High | 789 (32.6) | 166 (27.4) | 193 (32.1) | 189 (31.1) | 241 (39.8) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Never | 1179 (48.7) | 313 (51.7) | 309 (51.3) | 308 (50.7) | 249 (41.1) | |
Former | 944 (39.0) | 200 (33.0) | 222 (36.9) | 231 (38.0) | 291 (48.0) | |
Current | 299 (12.3) | 93 (15.3) | 71 (11.8) | 69 (11.3) | 66 (10.9) | |
Alcohol status, n (%) | 0.013 | |||||
Never | 351 (14.5) | 99 (16.3) | 90 (15) | 96 (15.8) | 66 (10.9) | |
Former | 688 (28.4) | 189 (31.2) | 173 (28.7) | 166 (27.3) | 160 (26.4) | |
Current | 1383 (57.1) | 318 (52.5) | 339 (56.3) | 346 (56.9) | 380 (62.7) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 0.442 | |||||
Yes | 1268 (52.4) | 324 (53.5) | 328 (54.5) | 307 (50.5) | 309 (51.0) | |
No | 1154 (47.6) | 282 (46.5) | 274 (45.5) | 301 (49.5) | 297 (49.0) | |
Diabetes, n (%) | 0.134 | |||||
Yes | 565 (23.3) | 155 (25.6) | 147 (24.4) | 141 (23.2) | 122 (20.1) | |
No | 1857 (76.7) | 451 (74.4) | 455 (75.6) | 467 (76.8) | 484 (79.9) | |
Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 0.848 | |||||
Yes | 221 (9.1) | 55 (9.1) | 50 (8.3) | 57 (9.4) | 59 (9.7) | |
No | 2201 (90.9) | 551 (90.9) | 552 (91.7) | 551 (90.6) | 547 (90.3) | |
Stroke, n (%) | 0.217 | |||||
Yes | 161 (6.6) | 50 (8.3) | 42 (7.0) | 34 (5.6) | 35 (5.8) | |
No | 2261 (93.4) | 556 (91.7) | 560 (93) | 574 (94.4) | 571 (94.2) | |
Cognitive score | ||||||
DSST, Mean ± SD | 46.7 ± 17.0 | 43.9 ± 17.3 | 47.2 ± 17.3 | 47.4 ± 17.3 | 48.3 ± 15.7 | < 0.001 |
AFT, Mean ± SD | 16.8 ± 5.5 | 16.1 ± 5.3 | 16.7 ± 5.4 | 17.1 ± 5.5 | 17.6 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 |
CERAD-IRT, Mean ± SD | 19.1 ± 4.6 | 18.8 ± 4.7 | 19.0 ± 4.6 | 19.4 ± 4.4 | 19.1 ± 4.6 | 0.119 |
CERAD-DRT, Mean ± SD | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 5.9 ± 2.3 | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 6.1 ± 2.2 | 6.1 ± 2.3 | 0.502 |
Z score, Median (IQR) | 0.02 (−0.54, 0.55) | −0.03 (−0.66, 0.48) | −0.01 (−0.54, 0.53) | 0.05 (−0.52, 0.63) | 0.10 (−0.44, 0.57) | 0.008 |