Table 6 Non-pharmacological interventions recommended by the included CPGs for CHD
Intervention types | Recommended self-managed non-pharmacological interventions | COR/LOE | Grading system used | Guidelines |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Diet | Details listed in diet Table 4 | GPP/2 + | SIGN criteria 2017 | Korean CR ACS (2019) |
Diet | Refer to Malaysian CVD (2017) | Malaysia STEMI (2019) | ||
Diet | Refer to Malaysian CVD (2017) | Malaysia SCAD (2018) | ||
Weight management | The goal is to attain a weight reduction of 5 to 10% and sustain it for 1 to 2 years prior to pursuing additional weight loss efforts. Approaches to achieve this include dietary adjustments, increased PA, behavioral changes, medication usage, and bariatric surgery. | I/B | ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation Classification System and ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme | Malaysia SCAD (2018) |
Weight management | Maintaining a healthy weight or losing weight. | I/B | ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation Classification System and ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme | Malaysia STEMI (2019) |
Physical activity | Exercise therapy for cardiac rehab. Form: aerobic exercise, resistance/strengthening exercises. Duration/Frequency: NR | Strong/ + + | SIGN criteria 2017 | Korean CR ACS (2019) |
Physical activity | Home-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs could potentially serve as substitutes for hospital-based CR programs among low-risk patients. Form: NR Duration/Frequency: NR | Conditional/1 + + | SIGN criteria 2017 | Korean CR ACS (2019) |
Physical activity | CR programs should also be provided to patients aged 65 years and older. Form: NR Duration/Frequency: NR | Strong/1 + + | SIGN criteria 2017 | Korean CR ACS (2019) |
Physical activity | Form: Moderate or vigorous intensity PA Duration/Frequency: moderate intensity PA at least 150 min/week or vigorous intensity PA 75 min/week or an equivalent combination | I/B | ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation Classification System and ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme | Malaysia SCAD (2018) |
Physical activity | Encourage sedentary patients to start light-intensity exercise programs after a proper exercise-related risk assessment Form: Light intensity exercise program Duration/Frequency: NR | I/B | ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation Classification System and ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme | Malaysia SCAD (2018) |
Physical activity | Recommend all individuals to perform PA , and any amount of PA is beneficial for health. Form: Any Duration/Frequency: Any amount | I/B | ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation Classification System and ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme | Malaysia SCAD (2018) |
Physical activity | Refer to Malaysian CVD (2017) | I/A | ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation Classification System and ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme | Malaysia STEMI (2019) |
Smoking cessation | Smoking cessation | Strong/1 + + | SIGN criteria 2017 | Korean CR ACS (2019) |
Smoking cessation | Smoking cessation | I/A | ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation Classification System and ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme | Malaysia STEMI (2019) |
Smoking cessation | Avoid second-hand tobacco smoke exposure | I/B | ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation Classification System and ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme | Malaysia SCAD (2018) |
Smoking cessation | E-cigarettes and shisha should not be used as they are harmful | III/B | ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation Classification System and ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme | Malaysia SCAD (2018) |