From: Advances in free fatty acid profiles in gestational diabetes mellitus
Types of FFA | Changes in plasma free fatty acid concentrations in GDM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[92] | [55] | [91] | [93] | [94] | |||
8-12w | 11-14w | 24-28w | 27 ± 2 w | 11-14w | 22-28w | 32-34w | |
Total FFA |  | ↑ |  | ↑ |  |  |  |
Saturated FFA |  | ↑ |  | ↑ |  |  |  |
C14:0, myristic acid | ↑ |  |  |  | ↑ |  | ↓ |
C15:0,pentadecanoic acid | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C16:0, palmitic acid | ↑ |  | ↑ |  | ↑ |  |  |
C17:0,heptadecanoic acid |  |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |
C18:0, stearic acid | ↑ |  |  | ↑ |  | ↑ |  |
C19:0, nonadecylic acid | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C20:0, arachidic acid |  |  | ↑ |  | ↑ |  |  |
C22:0, behenic acid |  |  |  |  | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
C24:0, lignoceric acid |  |  |  |  | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Monounsaturated FFA |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |  |
C14:1n-9,myristoleic acid | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C16:1n-7,palmitoleic acid | ↑ |  |  | ↑ |  |  |  |
C16:1n-9,cis-7 hexadecenoic acid |  |  | ↑ |  | ↑ |  | ↓ |
C17:1(cis-10), cis-10-heptadecenoic acid; |  |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |
C18:1n-9, oleic acid (OA) |  |  | ↑ |  | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
C18:1trans-n-7, vaccenic acid | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C19:1n-9,cis-10 nonadecenoic acid |  |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |
C20:1n-9, gondoic acid |  |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |
Polyunsaturated FFA | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C16:2cis-9,12-hexadecadienoic acid |  |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |
PUFA n-3 |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |  |
C18:3n-3,α-linolenic acid (ALA) | ↓? |  | ↑ |  | ↑ | ↑ |  |
C20:5n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) |  |  |  |  |  | ↑ | ↑ |
C22:3n-3 docosatrienoic acid |  |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |
C22:5n-3, docosapentaenoic acid |  |  | ↑ |  | ↑ |  |  |
C22:6n-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) |  |  |  | ↑ | ↑ |  |  |
PUFA n-6 |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |  |
C18:2n-6, linoleic acid (LA) |  |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |
C18:3n-6,γ-linolenic acid (GLA) | ↓? |  | ↑ |  | ↑ |  | ↓ |
C20:2n-6, eicosadienoic acid |  |  | ↑ |  | ↑ |  | ↓ |
C20:3n-6, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) |  |  | ↑ |  | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
C20:4n-6, arachidonic acid (ARA) |  |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |
C22:4n-6, adrenic acid |  |  |  |  |  |  | ↓ |
TransFFA | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C16:1trans-n-7, trans-palmitoleic acid | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C18:2trans-n-6, linolelaidic acid | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C14:1(trans-9), trans-9-tetradecenoic acid |  |  | ↑ |  |  |  |  |