Fig. 3

| SAE1 expression was higher in H. pylori-infected gastric tissues than in H. pylori-uninfected human gastric tissues. H. pylori upregulates SAE1 expression in GC cells and animal models dependent on CagA. SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 protein are also upregulated by H. pylori in cell and animal models. A Representative images of IHC staining for SAE1 in 80 human gastric tissues with H. pylori-negative chronic non-atrophic gastritis (CNAG) (n = 20), H. pylori-positive CNAG (n = 20), H. pylori-negative intestinal metaplasia (IM) (n = 20), H. pylori-positive IM (n = 20). (Magnification 100 × , and 400 × ; bars = 5 μm). The statistical graphs summarized IHC scores of SAE1 expression compared between human gastric tissues with CNAG and IM and IHC scores of SAE1 expression compared between H. pylori-negative and H. pylori-positive human gastric tissues with CNAG and IM. *p < 0.05, ns: no significance. B The protein levels of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 were detected in GES-1 and AGS cells cocultured with wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1 with an MOI of 200 at different time points (0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h). The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. C The protein levels of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 were detected in GES-1 and AGS cells cocultured with wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1 at different MOI (0, 50, 100, and 200) for 12 h. The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. D Representative images of IHC staining for SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 in Balb/c mice gastric tissues with control group (n = 10) and H. pylori strain SS1 group (n = 10). (Magnification 100 × , and 400 × ; bars = 5 μm). The statistical graphs summarized IHC scores of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 expression in Balb/c mice gastric tissues with control group, and H. pylori strain SS1 group. *p < 0.05. E Western blot analysis of SAE1 in GES-1 and AGS cells infected with wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1 and its CagA⁻ mutant at an MOI of 200 for 12 h. The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. F SAE1 expression levels of C57BL\6 mice gastric mucosa infected with wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1(n = 7) and its CagA⁻ mutant (n = 8) were analyses by western blot and were summarized in the statistical graph. Control group (n = 7). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01