Fig. 1

The design and flowchart of MR analysis in our study. This schematic representation emphasizes the research question that we attempted to answer, the analysis workflow and the data used. Based on large-scale publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics data, we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and 22 gastrointestinal diseases, including upper gastrointestinal diseases, lower gastrointestinal diseases, liver and gallbladder diseases, and pancreatic diseases. Sensitivity analysis was used to verify the robustness of the MR results. SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; MR-PRESSO, Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; MR, Mendelian randomization; IVW, inverse variance weighted