Table 1 The therapeutic role of exosomes in neuropsychiatric disorders

AD

Neuronal exosomes

Glycosphingolipids

Reduced Aβ and amyloid deposition

[98]

SCI

Neuron-derived exosomes

Up-regulation of miR-124-3p

Inhibition of the activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes protects against traumatic spinal cord injury

[17]

Stroke and demyelinating disease

Microglia-derived EVs

Up-regulation of miR-23a-5p

Promote white matter repair

[102]

TBI

Astrocyte-derived exosomes

NA

Reduce oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis

[105]

TBI

Macrophage derived exosomes-miR-21 (M-Exos-miR-21)

Down-regulation of miR-21

Improve neuroinflammation,

Improve blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability,

Reduced neuronal apoptosis,

Recovery of neurological function

[112]

rmTBI

Microglial Exosomal

Up-regulation of miR-124-3p

Inhibition of β-amyloid abnormalities,

Alleviates Neurodegeneration and Improves Cognitive Outcome

[101]

Brain damage and neurodegenerative diseases

MSC-derived secretome

NA

Inhibition of reactive astrogliosis,

Reduce inflammation,

Reduced microglial infiltration, Increased BBB integrity

[114]

MDD

Microglial EVs

Up-regulation of miR-666-3p,

Up-regulation of miR-7115-3p

alleviate neuroinflammation

[142]

MDD

NK cell-derived exosomes

Up-regulation of miR-207

Reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Relief of depressive symptoms

[143]

SCZ

MSCs-EVs

NA

Decreased glutamate levels in cerebrospinal fluid and improved core-like behaviors and biochemical markers of schizophrenia

[144]