A systematic two-sample and bidirectional MR process highlights a unidirectional genetic causal effect of allergic diseases on COVID-19 infection/severity

Table 2 Overall validated MR analyses with strong genetic instruments (p < 5E−08) for causal effects of Asthma2018 on COVID-19 infection/severity

Exposure	Outcome	No. of clumped SNPs^a	No. of SNPs in MRA^b	MR p-value^c	MR method^d	OR	95% LCI	95% UCI
Asthma2018	A2	36	36	4.22E−03	IVW (random effects)	0.88	0.80	0.96
				1.56E−08	IVW (fixed effects)	0.88	0.84	0.92
				1.48E−09	RAPS	0.87	0.83	0.91
	B2		36	5.61E−03	IVW (random effects)	0.92	0.87	0.98
				6.44E−08	IVW (fixed effects)	0.92	0.89	0.95
				8.38E−09	RAPS	0.92	0.89	0.94
	C2		36	9.23E−02	IVW (random effects)	0.98	0.95	1.00
				1.51E−03	IVW (fixed effects)	0.98	0.96	0.99
				7.33E−04	RAPS	0.98	0.96	0.99

RAPS Robust Adjusted Profile Score, OR odds ratio, 95% LCI 95% lower confidence interva, 95% UCI 95% upper confidence interval
^aNo. of clumped SNPs: number of independent genetic SNPs with a p-value < 5 × 10^–8 after clumping
^bNo. of SNPs in MRA: number of independent genetic SNPs used in the MR analysis for each pair of exposure and outcome
^cMR p-value: p-value of the most suitable MR method
^dThe most suitable MR analysis used in MR analysis. Bold values indicate that the MR p-value is less than 0.05, while italic values indicate that the MR p-value is marginally significant

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