Table 6 Anti-inflammatory therapies
From: Pharmacological and cell-based treatments to increase local skin flap viability in animal models
Pharmacologic therapy | MoA | RoA | Animal model | Treatment protocol | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lidocaine | Inhibition of sodium channels, Inhibition of platelet aggregation Suppression of neutrophil mitochondrial functions Enhancement of cutaneous blood flow | Subcutaneous injection | Rat caudally-based dorsal random pattern flap | Post-operative injection once daily for 7Â days | Cao et al. [65] |
Apelin-13 Thermosensitiv Hydrogel | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, pro-angiogenic, and vasodilatory activities | Intradermal injection of hydrogel solution | Rat caudally-based dorsal random pattern flap | Single immediate post-operative injection | Zheng et al. [64] |
Prussian Blue Nanozyme | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-necroptotic activities | Intradermal injection | Rat chest axial-pattern flap | Pre-treatment 2Â h prior to procedure | Hou et al. [43] |
Topiramate | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-angiogenic activities | Intraperitoneal injection | Rat caudally-based dorsal random pattern flap (McFarlane flap) | Pre-operative injection 1Â h and post-operatively once daily for 7Â days | Ahmadzadeh et al. [66] |
Colchicine | Enhancement of glutamate and NMDA receptor, inhibition of microtubule | Intraperitoneal injection | Rat cranially-based dorsal random pattern flap | Pre-operative injection 30Â min | Tabary et al. [67] |
Sodium valproate | Stimulation of GABA receptor stimulation and inhibition of HDAC signaling | Intraperitoneal injection | Rat cranially-based dorsal random pattern flap | Pre-operative injection 1Â h prior or post-operative injection once daily for 14Â days | Ala et al. [68] |
Ethyl pyruvate | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, antithrombotic activities | Intraperitoneal injection | Rat epigastric island flap | Post-operative injection 30Â min once daily for 7Â days | Kayiran et al. [42] |
Heme oxygenase-1 | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, and vasodilatory activities | Intraperitoneal injection | Rat left hindlimb osteomyocutaneous flap | Pre-operative injection 30Â min | Zheng et al. [40] |
Baclofen and bicuculline | Enhancement of GABAA a1 subunit and GABAB R1 receptor | Intraperitoneal injection | Rat cranially-based dorsal random pattern flap | Pre-operative injection 30Â min | Tabary et al. [69] |