Table 4 Anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic Therapies

Propylthiouracil (PTU)/methimazole (MMI)

Drug-induced hypothyroidism to decrease oxidative stress, necrosis and apoptosis, enhanced NO vasodilation effect

Oral adminstration or local injection

Rat bi-pedicled dorsal random-pattern skin flap

Pre-operative oral administration for 4 weeks or immediate pre-operative injection at points 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 cm from the cranial margin at the level of the subfascial plane of the panniculus carnosus

Rahimpour et al. [46]

Chlorogenic Acid

Removal of radicals, downregulation of MDA levels. Upregulation of SOD, reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels

Intraperitoneal injection

Rat abdominal skin flap, modified McFarlane dorsal flap

Single immediate post-operative injection

Bagdas et al. [44]

Allopurinol

Inhibition of xanthine oxidase

Oral

Dogs island adipofascial cutaneous flap

Pre-operative administration for 1 week and until 48 h post-operatively

Ardakani et al. [47]

Glutathione and vitamins A, C, and E

Natural anti-oxidants, reduce free radicals

Oral or intravenous injection

Rat abdominal wall skin flap

Beta-Carotene-Vit A (Oral)

Alpha-D-Tocopherol-Vit E (Oral)

Ascorbic acid-Vit C (IV)

Glutathione GSH (IV)

IV injections administered 1 h post-operatively

Daily oral administration for 3 days pre-operatively and a fourth dose 1–2 h post-operatively

Hayden el al. [48]