Table 2 Vasodilatory therapies
From: Pharmacological and cell-based treatments to increase local skin flap viability in animal models
Pharmacologic therapy | MoA | RoA | Animal model | Treatment protocol | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO donors: sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA-NO) | NO-mediated vasodilation and angiogenesis | Subcutaneous injection or transdermal ionophoretic delivery | Rat caudally-based dorsal random pattern flap | Post-operative injection for 5Â days | Russell et al. [20] |
Metformin | AMPK mediated phosphorylation of NO synthase, increasing NO bioavailability and inducing vasodilation | Intraperitoneal injection | Rat caudally-based dorsal random pattern flap | Pre-treatment 4Â h pre-operatively | Taleb et al. [18] |
PDE-5 inhibitor | Inhibits cGMP degradation in the NO pathway, leading to NO persistance | Intraperitoneal injection | Rat dorsal McFarlane-type flap | Post-operative injection for 7Â days, once or twice daily | Shah et al. [21] |
Azelaic acid, minoxidil, caffeine | Inhibits DHT synthesis and activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels | Topical | Rat cephalically-based dorsal random pattern flap | Post-operative application for 7Â days | Farrokhi et al. [22] |
Vasonatrin | Venodilating actions of CNP, natriuretic action of ANP, and the arterial vasodilating actions not associated with either | Intravenous injection | Rat caudally-based dorsal random pattern flap | Post-operative injection once daily for 3Â days | Wang et al. [23] |
Calcium channel blocker | Arteriolar smooth muscle relaxant | Oral | Rat caudally-based dorsal random pattern flap | (1) Pre-operative administration every 12Â h for 1Â day and continued post-operatively for 7Â days (2) Post-operative every 12Â h for 7Â days | Pal et al. [24] |
Calcium channel blocker | Arteriolar smooth muscle relaxant | Intraperitoneal injection and oral | Rat ventral island flap with random portion | (1) Intraoperative injection followed by oral for 7Â days post-op (2) Pre-treatment orally for 5Â days, followed by intraoperative injection, followed by oral for 7Â days post-operatively | Bailet et al. [19] |
Caltonin gene-related peptide | Arterial vasodilation | Intravenous injection | Rat groin island flap | (1) Within 12-h post-operative ischemic period (2) Pre-treatment immediately pre-operatively and within 12-h post-operative ischemic period | Gherardini et al. [25] |