Table 1 Anti-thrombotic therapies

Low-molecular-weight heparin

Enhancement of Antithrombin III

Subcutaneous injection

Rabbit congested pedicled flaps

Single immediate post-operative injection

Miyawaki et al. [9]

Hirudin

Enhancement of Antithrombin III (contains the active ingredient heparinoid)

Subcutaneous injection

Rat caudally-based random dorsal flap

Immediate injection after surgery and again on postoperative days 3 and 5, 1–3 cm proximal to the distal limit of the flap

Yingxin et al. [10]

Hirudoid

Activation of anti-thrombin III (contains the active ingredient heparinoid), Inhibition of hyaluronidase, Stimulation of growth factor production such as VEGF and PDGF

Topical cream

Rat caudally based dorsal flaps

Post-operative application for 9 days

Livaoğlu et al. [8]

Bivalirudin

Direct inhibition of thrombin, enhancement of anticoagulation

Intraperitoneal injection

Rat random dorsal flaps

Post-operative injection once a day for 7 days

Cai et al. [11]

Activated protein C

Inactivation of serine protease clotting factor Va, VIIIa, Xa, and tissue factor. Inhibition of fibrinolysis

Intravenous injection

Rat cranially-based dorsal cutaneous flap

Injections in 3 groups: postoperative, late preoperative, and early preoperative

Bezuhly et al. [12]

Platelet-rich plasma gel

Concentrated form of platelets, growth factors PDGF, TGF-β, platelet-derived epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived angiogenesis factor insulin-like growth factor-1, and platelet factor-4, stimulate the mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells proliferation, and increase collagen and matrix synthesis, fibrinogen, fibronectin, and vinculin

Gel application on the wound

Rats cranially-based dorsal random flap

PRP gel was applied on the wound surface and then the flap was sutured

Chai et al. [13]

Subcutaneous injection

Rabbit cranially-based dorsal random-pattern flap

Post-operative injection once

Wang et al. [14]