Fig. 4
From: Predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine in breast cancer: targeting the PI3K pathway
Schematic representation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in angiogenesis. Activation of the pathway can occur through multiple mechanisms, including RAS mutation, increased expression of growth factor receptors (e.g., EGFR), or loss of PTEN. Once activated, the pathway leads to the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent inducer of angiogenesis. Additionally, the PI3K/AKT pathway regulates the expression of other angiogenic factors, such as nitric oxide and angiopoietins