Table 3 Effects of SAAR on biomarkers1
| Â | 4Â weeks | 8Â weeks | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) SAAR vs. control | p-value | β (95% CI) SAAR vs. control | p-value | |
Urinary sulfur amino acids | ||||
 Methionine excretion, µmol/24h | − 3.84 (− 5.96, − 1.72) |  < 0.001 | − 2.70 (− 4.86, − 0.55) | 0.014 |
 tHcy excretion, µmol/24h | − 3.03 (− 4.80, − 1.26) |  < 0.001 | − 3.04 (− 4.84, − 1.24) |  < 0.001 |
 Cystathionine excretion, µmol/24h | − 30.4 (− 46.7, − 14.1) |  < 0.001 | − 32.2 (− 48.8, − 15.6) |  < 0.001 |
 tCys excretion, µmol/24h | − 52.7 (− 101, − 4.66) | 0.03 | − 77.3 (− 126, − 28.4) |  < 0.001 |
 Sulfate excretion, mmol/24h | − 22.3 (− 26.9, − 17.7) |  < 0.001 | − 20.2 (− 24.9, − 15.6) |  < 0.001 |
Plasma sulfur amino acids | ||||
 Plasma methionine, µmol/L | − 0.60 (− 2.30, 1.11) | 0.49 | − 1.26 (− 2.94, 0.43) | 0.14 |
 Plasma tHcy, µmol/L | 1.87 (1.01, 2.73) |  < 0.001 | 2.07 (1.22, 2.92) |  < 0.001 |
 Plasma cystathionine, µmol/L | − 0.16 (− 0.23, − 0.09) |  < 0.001 | − 0.16 (− 0.23, − 0.09) |  < 0.001 |
 Plasma tCys, µmol/L | 13.0 (− 2.17, 28.1) | 0.09 | 12.3 (− 2.67, 27.3) | 0.11 |
Plasma biomarkers | ||||
 Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.01 (− 0.17, 0.20) | 0.90 | − 0.13 (− 0.32, 0.05) | 0.15 |
 Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.05 (− 0.26, 0.36) | 0.75 | − 0.07 (− 0.38, 0.24) | 0.67 |
 LDL, mmol/L | − 0.02 (− 0.26, 0.23) | 0.90 | − 0.05 (− 0.29, 0.2) | 0.70 |
 HDL, mmol/L | 0.05 (− 0.05, 0.14) | 0.35 | 0.05 (− 0.04, 0.15) | 0.29 |
 Apolipoprotein B, g/L | 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.09) | 0.78 | − 0.01 (− 0.09, 0.07) | 0.76 |
 Apolipoprotein A1, g/l | 0.03 (− 0.06, 0.11) | 0.52 | − 0.01 (− 0.09, 0.07) | 0.82 |
 Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 0.00 (− 0.19, 0.18) | 0.98 | − 0.07 (− 0.25, 0.11) | 0.42 |
Plasma/serum hormones | ||||
 Fasting insulin, pmol/L | − 2.24 (− 19.3, 14.8) | 0.80 | − 9.24 (− 26.1, 7.62) | 0.28 |
 C-peptide, pmol/L | 1.49 (− 94.8, 97.7) | 0.98 | − 59.4 (− 155, 35.7) | 0.22 |
 TSH, mU/L | − 0.07 (− 0.40, 0.27) | 0.70 | − 0.30 (− 0.63, 0.03) | 0.08 |
 Free T4, pmol/L | 0.08 (− 1.17, 1.33) | 0.90 | − 0.29 (− 1.53, 0.95) | 0.64 |
 FGF-21, pg/mL2 | − 124 (− 503, 256) | 0.52 | − 83.3 (− 460, 294) | 0.66 |
 IGF-1, pg/mL | – |  | − 11.4 (− 41.7, 18.9) | 0.46 |
 Adiponectin, pg/mL | – |  | − 1.43 (− 4.43, 1.58) | 0.35 |
 Gastric inhibitory peptide, pg/mL | − 11.5 (− 68.5, 45.6) | 0.69 | 23.9 (− 32.7, 80.4) | 0.41 |
 Glucagon-like peptide 1, pg/mL | − 11.7 (− 21.3, -2.11) | 0.017 | − 7.82 (− 17.3, 1.70) | 0.11 |
 Ghrelin, pg/mL | − 6.36 (− 46.8, 34.0) | 0.76 | − 11.7 (− 51.8, 28.3) | 0.56 |
 Leptin, ng/mL | − 4.06 (− 9.53, 1.40) | 0.14 | − 6.01 (− 11.4, -0.59) | 0.030 |
 Pancreatic peptide, pg/mL | 39.3 (− 26.8, 105) | 0.24 | 47.3 (− 18.4, 113) | 0.16 |
 Peptide YY, pg/mL | − 5.90 (− 18.8, 6.99) | 0.37 | − 0.69 (− 13.5, 12.1) | 0.91 |
Ketone bodies | ||||
 β-hydroxybutyrate, µmol/L | 46.7 (− 54.9, 148) | 0.37 | 117 (16.0, 217) | 0.023 |
 Acetoacetate, µmol/L | 11.2 (− 15.0, 37.4) | 0.40 | 27.0 (1.04, 52.9) | 0.042 |
 Acetone, µmol/L | 6.33 (− 7.19, 19.9) | 0.39 | 3.67 (-9.71, 17.1) | 0.085 |
 Acetate, µmol/L | 4.28 (− 5.45, 14.0) | 0.36 | 8.45 (− 1.18, 18.1) | 0.59 |
Safety markers | ||||
 ASAT, U/L | 3.20 (− 0.91, 7.31) | 0.13 | 0.76 (− 3.27, 4.79) | 0.71 |
 ALAT, U/L | 1.44 (− 5.17, 8.06) | 0.67 | − 1.89 (− 8.44, 4.65) | 0.57 |
 Urea, mmol/L | − 0.27 (− 0.63, 0.09) | 0.14 | − 0.10 (− 0.46, 0.26) | 0.59 |
 Creatinine, µmol/L | 3.82 (1.09, 6.54) | 0.008 | 3.67 (0.97, 6.37) | 0.009 |
 Vitamin B12, pmol/L | 54.5 (− 2.86, 112) | 0.06 | 9.31 (− 47.4, 66.1) | 0.75 |
 MMA, µmol/L | 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04) | 0.85 | 0.03 (− 0.01, 0.06) | 0.17 |