Fig. 8

Effect of the SPP1 signaling pathway on the malignant behavior of tumor cells. A, B. UMAP plot and violin plot showing the expression of ILK in 15 clusters. C. Violin plot illustrating the expression difference of ILK between tumor cells and epithelial cells (Mann–Whitney U test, ***p < 0.001). D. Pseudo-time trajectory showing changes in dynamic expression of JAK1 and STAT3. E. Violin plots of JAK1 and STAT3 enrichment in 15 cell clusters. F. Violin plots showing significant overexpression of the JAK1 and STAT3 genes in tumor cells (Mann–Whitney U test, ***p < 0.001). G. Heatmap illustrating gene expression of markers associated with malignant phenotypes in clusters. H. Heatmap showing gene expression of markers associated with malignant phenotypes in tumor cells and epithelial cells. I. Violin plots comparing gene expression markers linked to malignant phenotypes in tumor cells and epithelial cells (Mann–Whitney U test, ***p < 0.001). J. Multiplex immunofluorescence staining in ccRCC samples and in normal kidney tissues for verification of ILK, JAK1, and STAT3 gene expression