Table 4 Potential cardiokines and microRNA for promotion of tumor progression in myocardial infarction and heart failure
Potential cardiokines and miR | Model | Cardiac expression | Plasma level | LV function | LVH | Outcome | Interpretation | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SerpinA3 | In vitro study | |||||||
HASMCs + ox-LDL 100mcg/mL/12 h | ↑ | – | – | – | – | Cardiac SerpinA3 expression was increased in aortic smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis model | [27] | |
In vivo studies | ||||||||
MI-induced HF APCmin mice | ↑ | – | ↓ | ↑ | – | Cardiac SerpinA3 expression was increased in MI-induced HF mice model | [16] | |
Heterotopic heart transplant of MI heart in APCmin mice into APCmin mice | ↑ | – | ↔ | ↑ | – | |||
ATF3-transgenic mice | ↑ | – | ↓ | ↑ | – | Cardiac SerpinA3 expression was increased in cardiac remodeling model using ATF3-transgenic mice | [24] | |
Low-dose PE induced hypertension mice | ↔ | – | ↔ | ↑ | – | Cardiac SerpinA3 expression was not changed in cardiac remodeling without LV systolic dysfunction | [25] | |
Clinical studies | ||||||||
CAD patients | – | ↑ | ↔ | – | – | Plasma SerpinA3 level was elevated in CAD patients and correlated with extension of coronary artery atherosclerosis | [27] | |
MI patients | – | ↑ | ↔ | – | ↑MACE | Plasma SerpinA3 level was elevated in MI patients, and was a predictor of MACE | [28] | |
DCM patients | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | – | ↓survival | Plasma and cardiac SerpinA3 levels were elevated in DCM and associated with poor outcome in DCM patients | [29] | |
HFrEF patients | – | ↑ | ↓ | – | ↔survival | Plasma SerpinA3 level was elevated in HFrEF patients | [30] | |
DCM patients pre LVAD implantation | ↔ | ↑ | ↓ | – | – | Plasma SerpinA3 level was elevated in HF patients and decreased after LVAD implantation | [31] | |
DCM patients post LVAD implantation | ↓ | ↔ | – | – | – | |||
Calcific AS patients | ↑ | ↑ | – | – | – | Plasma and cardiac SerpinA3 levels were elevated in calcific AS | [32] | |
SerpinA1 | In vivo study | |||||||
MI-induced HF APCmin mice | ↑ | – | ↓ | ↑ | – | Cardiac SerpinA1 expression was increased in MI-induced HF mice | [16] | |
Heterotopic heart transplant of MI heart in APCmin mice into APCmin mice | ↔ | – | ↔ | ↑ | – | |||
Clinical studies | ||||||||
MI patients | – | ↑ | – | – | ↑survival | Plasma SerpinA1 level was elevated in MI patients, and was associated with improved prognosis | [39] | |
HFrEF patients | – | ↑ | ↓ | – | ↑NYHA | Plasma SerpinA1 level was increased in HFrEF patients, and was associated with higher NYHA class | [40] | |
Periostin | In vitro study | |||||||
Adult rat cardiac fibroblasts + Ang II/10–7–10–5 M/24–48 h | ↑ | – | – | – | – | Ang II enhanced periostin expression in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts | [47] | |
In vivo studies | ||||||||
MI mice | ↑ | – | – | – | – | Cardiac periostin expression was increased in MI mice | ||
Chronic Ang II-induced HT mice | ↑ | – | – | ↑ | – | Cardiac periostin expression was increased in chronic Ang II-induced LVH in mice | [47] | |
High salt-induced HT rat | ↑ | – | – | – | – | Cardiac periostin expression was increased in high salt-induced HT rat model | [48] | |
Aortic banding-induced HF mice | ↑ | – | ↓ | ↑ | – | Cardiac periostin expression was increased in hypertensive-induced cardiac remodeling | [52] | |
Clinical studies | ||||||||
MI patients | ↑ | – | – | – | – | Cardiac periostin expression was increased in MI patients | [49] | |
STEMI patients | – | ↑ (vs lower group) | – | – | ↓LVEF ↑CV events | Elevated plasma periostin level was associated with LVEF decline and increased CV events in STEMI patients | [54] | |
HFrEF patients | ↑ | – | ↓ | – | – | Cardiac periostin expression was increased in HFrEF patients | [53] | |
HFrEF patients on LVADs | ↑ (vs off LVADs) | – | ↓ | – | – | Cardiac periostin expression was decreased after offload of LVADs in HFrEF patients | [52] | |
miR-21 | In vitro study | |||||||
Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes + PE/100 mcM | ↑ | – | – | – | – | miR-21 expression was increased in hypertrophic stimulated rat cardiomyocytes | ||
Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes + LIF/1000 units/ml | ↑ | – | – | – | – | |||
Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes + FBS/10% | ↑ | – | – | – | – | |||
Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes + Ang II/1 mcM/48 h | ↑ | – | – | – | – | miR-21 expression was increased in Ang II-induced hypertrophy rat cardiomyocytes | [69] | |
In vivo studies | ||||||||
Cardiac I/R mice | ↑ | – | – | – | – | Cardiac miR-21 expression was increased in a cardiac I/R mice model | [71] | |
MI rat | ↑ (border) ↓ (infarct) | – | – | – | – | Cardiac miR-21 expression was increased at border zone and decreased at infarct zone in MI rat model | [72] | |
MI mice | ↑ | – | – | ↑ | – | Cardiac miR-21 expression was increased at infarct zone in MI mice model | [73] | |
Thoracic aortic banding-induced cardiac hypertrophy mice | ↑ | – | – | ↑ | – | Cardiac miR-21expression was increased in cardiac hypertrophy mice | ||
β1-adrenergic receptor transgenic mice with HF | ↑ | – | ↓ | – | – | Cardiac miR-21 expression was increased in HF mice | [70] | |
TAC-induced HF mice | ↑ | – | ↓ | ↑ | – | |||
Isoproterenol-induced HF mice | ↑ | – | ↓ | ↑ | – | |||
Clinical studies | ||||||||
ACS patients | – | ↑ | – | – | – | Plasma miR-21 level was increased in ACS patients | [75] | |
CAD patients | – | ↑ | – | – | – | Plasma miR-21 level was increased in CAD patients | [75] | |
HFrEF patients | – | ↑ | ↓ | – | ↓LVEF ↑NYHA | Plasma miR-21 level was increased in HFrEF patients and associated with decreased LVEF and increased NYHA | [74] | |
HFrEF patients | ↑ | – | ↓ | – | – | Cardiac miR-21 expression was increased in HFrEF patients | [70] | |
miR-22 | In vitro studies | |||||||
Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes + PE + FBS | ↑ | – | – | – | – | miR-22 expression increased in PE-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy | [94] | |
Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes + Ang II/1 mcM/48 h | ↑ | – | – | – | – | miR-22 expression was increased in Ang II-induced hypertrophy rat cardiomyocytes | [69] | |
In vivo studies | ||||||||
MI mice | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | – | – | Cardiac expression and plasma level of miR-22-3p were increased in MI nice model | [18] | |
TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy mice | ↑ | – | – | ↑ | – | Cardiac miR-22 expression was increased in early phase of TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy mice | [94] | |
Clinical studies | ||||||||
HFrEF patients | ↑ | – | ↓ | – | – | Cardiac miR-22 expression was increased in HFrEF patients | [95] | |
HFrEF patients | – | ↑ | ↓ | – | ↑CV death | Plasma miR-22 level was increased in HFrEF patients and associated with CV death | [96] | |
HF patients | – | ↑ (vs lower group) | – | – | ↓CV events | Higher plasma miR-22-3p level was associated with lower frequency of CV events in HF patients | [97] | |
CAD patients | – | ↑ | – | – | – | Plasma miR-22-3p level was increased in CAD patients | ||
CAD patients | – | ↓ | – | – | – | Plasma miR-22 level was increased in CAD patients | [100] | |