Table 1 Clinical reports that demonstrated an association between cancer incidence and cardiovascular diseases
Model | Type of study/country/age/FU time | Number of CVD/number of cancer in CVD | Primary outcome | Interpretation | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HF | Retrospective cohort/Italy/mean 76/median 5.6 yr | 103,421/12,036 | HR 1.76 (95% CI 1.71–1.81) unadjusted | HF was associated with an increased risk of cancer | [10] |
HF | Case–control/US/mean 73 yr/mean 7.7 yr | 596/102 | HR 1.60 (95% CI 1.14–2.26) adjusted for BMI, smoking, and Charlson comorbidity index | HF was associated with an increased risk of cancer | [6] |
HF (LVEF < 45%) | Prospective cohort/Denmark/mean 67.8 yr/mean 4.5 yr | 9307/975 | IRR 1.24 (95% CI 1.15–1.33) adjusted for age and sex | HF was associated with an increased risk of cancer | [7] |
HF | Retrospective cohort/Germany/mean 72.6 yr/0–10 yr | 100,124/25,732 | OR 1.76 (95% CI 1.71–1.81) unadjusted | HF was associated with an increased risk of cancer | [11] |
HF post-MI | Prospective cohort/US/mean 72 yr/mean 4.9 yr | 228/28 | HR 2.16 (95% CI 1.39–3.35) adjusted for age, sex, and Charlson comorbidity index | Post MI patients who developed HF had increased risk of cancer | [5] |
HF | Retrospective cohort/US/mean 61 yr/median 19.9 yr | 1420/177 | HR 1.02 (95% CI 0.84–1.25) adjusted for enrollment group, race, smoking, alcohol use, aspirin, family history of cancer, cirrhosis, PPI, H2 blocker, and sun exposure | HF was not associated with an increased risk of cancer among male physicians | [14] |
MI | Prospective cohort/Norway/mean 62 yr/median 15.7 yr | 1747/146 | HR 1.46 (95% CI 1.21–1.77) adjusted for age, sex, BMI, SBP, DM, HDL, smoking, physical activity, and education level | MI was associated with an increased risk of cancer | [9] |
MI | Retrospective cohort/Denmark/median male 59.2 yr, female 68.5 yr/0–17 yr | 122,275/9769 | IRR 1.08 (95% CI 1.03–1.13) adjusted for age, sex, calendar year, HT, DLP, DM, COPD, and socioeconomic status | MI was associated with an increased risk of cancer | [12] |
MI | Retrospective cohort/Denmark/median male 63 yr, female 69 yr mean 5.9 yr | 96,891/10,514 | SIR 1.05 (95% CI 1.03–1.07) unadjusted | MI was associated with an increased risk of cancer | [13] |