Table 1 A concise overview of the role of NQO1 in diverse neurological disorders

AD

Protective role against oxidative stress and inflammation

Regulation of genes involved in apoptosis

Aggregation kinetics of Aβ 1–42

Promotion of amyloid aggregation

Experimental studies (Human, rats, mouse tissues)

Cell culture studies (B16,SH-SY5Y cells, glial cells, pyramidal cells)

Molecular biology, Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, Behavioral assessments, Biochemical analysis

[72, 116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130]

PD

Protective effect on dopaminergic neurons

Prevent cell death, and modulate neurotrophin receptor affinity in PD

Impaired function of DJ-1 can lead to impairment of NQO1 function

Protect against neurotoxicity induced by MPTP

Experimental studies (Human, mouse tissues)

Cell culture studies (Dopamine cells, CATH, SK-N-BE(2)C cells)

Molecular biology, Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry

[41, 131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156]

MS

NQO1 expression is upregulated in active and chronic active MS lesions

NQO1 and Nrf2 levels may be useful as biomarkers

Nrf2 inducers TFM-735, dimethyl fumarate, sulforaphane, and myricetin

Upregulation of NQO1 effects of dimethyl fumarate in the EAE model of MS

Experimental studies (Human, mouse tissues)

Cell culture studies (Human primary cells, human brain endothelial cells)

Clinical studies

(Dimethyl fumarate, Natalizumab)

Molecular biology, Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, Behavioral assessments

[10, 26, 157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173]

Cerebrovascular disease

Reduces oxidative stress after cerebral ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage

Upregulation of NQO1 plays a role in facilitating ischemic preconditioning

Nrf2-ARE pathway is activated after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

Nrf2-ARE-NQO1 pathway contributes to survival of astrocytes and neurons

Experimental studies (Human, rats, mouse tissues)

Cell culture studies (Mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells)

Clinical studies

(Dimethyl fumarate)

Molecular biology, Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, Behavioral assessments

[95, 174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201]

Traumatic Brain Injury

Contribution of oxidative stressgene expression process

Decreased neocortex injury, neutrophil infiltration, and microglia activation

Promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2

As a promising therapeutic strategy

Experimental studies (Human, rats, mouse tissues)

Cell culture studies (Mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells)

Molecular biology, Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, Enzyme assay, Neurobehavioral evaluation

[202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218]

Epilepsy

Upregulated in hippocampal tissue from individuals with epilepsy

Mitigating epilepsy and associated comorbidities

Reduces apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokines in epilepsy model

Protecting against seizures and epilepsy-induced brain damage

Experimental studies (Human, rats, mouse tissues)

Cell culture studies (Sprague–Dawley rat mixed cortical neurons and glial cells)

Electrophysiological recordings, Molecular biology, Electron microscopy, Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, Behavioral evaluation

[89, 113, 219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231]

ALS

Protect cells from oxidative stress by detoxifying ROS

Provides neuroprotective effects against neuronal degeneration

Activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway

Reduce neuronal toxicity

Experimental studies (Human, mouse tissues)

Cell culture studies (NSC-34,SOD1-G93A cells)

Clinical studies

(Fasudil, ferulic acid, caffeic acid,)

Molecular biology, Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, Behavioral evaluation, Biochemical analysis

[232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247]

Brain tumors

Anti-oxidative stress response

Regulating the levels of ROS in glioblastoma

Impact on glioma therapy

Dual role in glioblastoma development

Experimental studies (Human, mouse tissues)

Cell culture studies (SH-SY5Y cells, U87MG, LN229 GBM cells,T98G, LN-229,A172,U251 glioma cells)

Clinical studies

(Prognostic biomarker)

Molecular biology, Immunohistochemistry, Biochemical analysis, Bioinformatic analysis, Enzyme assay

[3, 44, 50, 59, 72, 248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268]