Fig. 3

Didymin enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and function by activating Sirt1 in PA-treated AML12 cells. A MitoTracker Green staining for mitochondrial content in AML12 cells. (n = 3, Scale bar = 20 μm). B Mitochondrial oxygen consumption ratio (OCR) of AML12 cells (n = 4). C ROS concentration in AML12 cells (n = 4). D Immunoprecipitation of PGC-1α in AML12 cells showing acetylated PGC-1α level (n = 3). E Western blot analysis of NRF1, TFAM, NDUFB8, SDHB, and MTCO2 in AML12 cells (n = 3). Data are expressed as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001 PA vs. PA + Didymin. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001, ^####P < 0.0001 control vs. PA. PA palmitic acid, PGC-1α proliferative activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, NRF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1, TFAM mitochondrial transcription factor A