Gastroesophageal reflux disease and the risk of respiratory diseases: a Mendelian randomization study

Table 2 MR estimates for GERD on COPD, bronchitis, pneumonia, lung cancer and pulmonary embolism

Outcome	IVW		WM		MR-Egger
Outcome	OR(95%)	P value	OR(95%)	P value	OR(95%)	P value
COPD	1. 72(1. 50–1.99)	3.53e−14	1.74(1.41–2.14)	2.43e−07	0.80(0.35–1.84)	0.60
Bronchitis	1. 19(1. 11–1. 28)	3.47e−6	1.12(1.01–1.24)	0.029	0.93(0.60–1. 42)	0.72
Pneumonia	1.16(1.07–1.26)	0.00019	1.15(1.03–1.29)	0.015	1.24(0. 87–1.97)	0.37
Lung cancer	1.0027(1.0012–1.0043)	0.00058	1.0036(1.0014–1.0057)	0.00096	1.004(0.996–1.013)	0.34
Pulmonary embolism	1.33(1.12–1.58)	0.0013	1.32(1.02–1.70)	0.034	0.80(0.29–2.22)	0.67

The odds ratio and P value for developing COPD, bronchitis, pneumonia, lung cancer and pulmonary embolism based on IVW, weighted median and MR-Egger results are shown for every unit increase in developing GERD

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