Fig. 2
From: Advancements in engineered mesenchymal stem cell exosomes for chronic lung disease treatment
MSC engineering methods. The engineering methods of MSCs can be roughly divided into gene transfection, surface modification, and carrier embedding. Among them, gene transfection is represented by lentiviral transfection and liposome transfection, surface modification mostly uses specific molecular modifiers, and there are carrier embedding such as hydrogels, which are commonly used. Engineering MSCs has unique advantages, enhance targeting, can cross physiological barriers, and exhibit stability in the local microenvironment. These methods can also be combined to improve the capabilities of engineered MSCs