Fig. 1

Experimental design and sample processing for Clostridium perfringens (CP) animal challenge. This figure provides a diagrammatic representation of the CP animal challenge conducted during both experiments 1 and 2. It delineates the timeline for sample collection and the subsequent processing steps essential for Illumina MiSeq-based next-generation sequencing, targeting the 16S rRNA gene’s V3–V4 region. Image “created with www.BioRender.com” accessed on October 22, 2023