Fig. 1

Assessment of FDM model in guinea pigs. A Refraction in guinea pigs at three time points (n = 21). B Axial length (AL) in guinea pigs at three time points (n = 21). C The number of RGCs with H&E-stained retinas in guinea pigs. D Morphological observation with H&E-stained retinas in guinea pigs, and arrows indicate RGCs sites (scale bar: 50 µm) (n = 5). E TUNEL sections of retinas in guinea pigs. DAPI (blue); apoptotic cell (green) (scale bar: 20 µm) (n = 3). F Identification of primary RGCs. DAPI (blue); TUJ1 (red) (scale bar: 50 μm). GCL: ganglion cell layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; OPL: out plexiform layer; ONL: out nuclear layer. ^***P < 0.001. NCG: normal control group; FDMG fellow: form-deprived myopia fellow control group; FDMG: form-deprived myopia group