Fig. 5

T-MSCs alleviate oxidative stress injury in MPP⁺-induced MN9D cells through the Keap1-Nrf2-SOD pathway. a Representative graphs of ROS generation after T-MSCs treatment of control or MPP⁺-induced MN9D cells. Scale bars, 20 µm. b, d–h Western blotting analysis of Keap1, Nrf2, HO-1, SOD-1, and SOD-2 expression levels after T-MSCs treatment of control or MPP⁺-induced MN9D cells. c Quantification of the relative fluorescence intensity of ROS levels. i–l Representative blots and quantification showed the levels of cytoplasmic Nrf2 and Nuclear Nrf2 in MN9D cells. m, n Immunofluorescence staining and quantification of Nrf2 in the control, T-MSCs, MPP⁺, and MPP⁺ + T-MSCs groups. Scale bars, upper, 10 µm; lower, 5 µm. Each experiment was independently repeated three times. The results are shown as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001