Emerging applications of single-cell profiling in precision medicine of atherosclerosis

Table 1 Single-cell studies of different atherosclerosis samples in human and mice

Sample type	Species	Source	Methods	Major findings	References
Plaque	Human	Immune cells VSMCs Endothelial cells	scRNA-seq, scATAC-seq	The cellular landscape of human atherosclerotic plaques; cellular plasticity and intercellular communication at the site of disease	[26]
	Human	Macrophages CD4⁺ T cell CD8⁺ T cell	CyTOF CITE-seq scRNA-seq	Novel immune dysregulation in plaques associated with the clinically symptomatic disease T cell subsets present markers of T cell exhaustion macrophages contain alternatively activated phenotypes	[43]
	Human/Mice	Immune cells, VSMCs	CITE-seq scRNA-seq	The transcriptome phenotype of SMCs in mouse and human atherosclerosis lesions is comprehensively characterized TCF21 expression is closely associated with the regulation of SMC phenotype in diseased human coronary arteries	[89]
	Mice	Macrophages	scRNA-seq	Prophagocyte single-walled carbon nanotubes reduce inflammatory gene expression in diseased macrophages	[117]
	Mice	CD4⁺ T cells	scRNA-seq	Identification of CD4⁺ T cells that recognize apolipoprotein (apo) B in mice	[118]
	Mice	Immune cells	CyTOF scRNA-seq	The white blood cells from the aorta of healthy and atherosclerotic mice were deeply characterized; to determine the map of the immune cell landscape in atherosclerosis	[35]
	Mice	Macrophages	scRNA-seq	Heterogeneity of macrophages during the progression and regression of atherosclerosis; stem cell-like characteristics of monocytes	[119]

Blood	Mice	VSMCs	scRNA-seq	Heterogeneity of VSMCs in blood vessels of healthy mice; characteristics of disease-related transcription in VSMCs lineage cells	[120]
	Human	Monocyte	scRNA-seq	Humans have significant monocyte heterogeneity	[42]
	Human	Red blood cells	scRNA-seq	RBC RNA-Seq capture; transcriptional heterogeneity of red blood cells	[41]
	Human	Exosome Macrophage	scRNA-seq	Revealed the unique relationship between the transcription characteristics of macrophages and phenotypic heterogeneity in the microenvironment of atherosclerosis	[44]
	Human	PBMCs	CITE-seq	The practicality of scRNA seq in evaluating cell surface phenotype in the same cell	[36]
	Human	CD4⁺ T cells	scRNA-Seq, CITE-Seq	Gender differences in gene expression of CD4⁺ cells	[46]
	Mice	Adipocytes	scRNA-seq	Changes in adipocyte function are the basis for observed changes in plasma lipids	[45]
Liver	Human	Liver cells	scRNA-seq	Map of the human liver immune microenvironment	[62, 63]
	Mice	Adipocytes	scRNA-seq	Changes in adipocyte function are the basis for observed changes in plasma lipids	[45]
	Mice	Myeloid cells	scRNA-seq	Heterogeneity of bone marrow cells in the liver and bone marrow during NAFLD; NAFLD has driven in vitro macrophage functional adaptation and its functional correlation during in vivo steatohepatitis	[64]

Intestine	Mice	Intestinal flora	16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing	Bile acid has been identified as an important metabolic factor related to the gut microbiota	[68]
Intestine	Mice	Fecal microorganisms	16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing	PSRC1 participates in regulating the gut microbiome	[69]

scRNA-seq single-cell RNA sequencing, scATAC-seq single-cell Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing, CyTOF Cytometry by Time-of-Flight; CITE-seq, Cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing, TCF21 transcription factor 21, CX3CR1 fractalkine receptor, VSMCs Vascular smooth muscle cells, PBMCs Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, CAD Coronary Artery Disease, CVAV Cardiovascular Assessment Virginia, Trib1 tribbles homolog 1, NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, PSRC1 Proline/serine-rich coiled-coil protein

ISSN: 1479-5876