Fig. 2

a Total protein expression (in vitro, transfected with LV): NPTN expression in the LV-OE-NPTN (Mg2 + -free) group was increased compared with that in the LV-NC (Mg2 + -free) group (n = 5 in each group, #p < 0.01), while changes in GABRA1 and VGAT protein expression were not observed. b Surface protein (in vivo, transfected with LV): Surface GABRA1 protein expression was increased in the LV-OE-NPTN (Mg2 + -free) group compared with the LV-NC (Mg2 + -free) group (n = 5 in each group, #p < 0.01). c Spontaneous green fluorescence in the hippocampus of rats in each group randomly selected for paraffin sectioning after AAV transfection (× 100). Scale bar:1000 μm. The AAV-OE-NPTN group showed an increasing trend of NPTN expression in the hippocampus of AAV-transfected rats. d EEG recording showed recurrent epileptic discharges during the interictal period and generalized multi-spike waves and multi-spike waves complexes during the ictal period in both the AAV-NC (SE) and AAV-OE-NPTN (SE) groups. time scale: 5 s. e Total protein expression (in vivo, transfected with AAV): NPTN protein expression in the AAV-OE-NPTN (SE) group was increased compared with that in the AAV-NC (SE) group (n = 5 in each group, #p < 0.01), while GABRA1 and VGAT protein expression did not change. f Surface protein (in vivo, transfected with AAV): Surface GABRA1 protein expression was increased in the AAV-OE-NPTN(SE) group compared with the AAV-NC (SE) group (n = 5 in each group, #p < 0.01). g APs of neurons transfected with LV: AP frequency was decreased in the LV-OE-NPTN group compared with the LV-NC (Mg2 + -free) group (n = 6 in each group, #p < 0.01). AP amplitude in the LV-OE-NPTN (Mg2 + -free) group did not change significantly. h mIPSCs of neurons transfected with LVs: The frequency of mIPSCs in the LV-OE-NPTN (Mg2 + -free) group did not change significantly, while the amplitude of mIPSCs in the LV-OE-NPTN (Mg2 + -free) group increased compared with that in the LV-NC (Mg2 + -free) group (n = 6 in each group, #p < 0.01). i Latent period and duration of seizures: The latent period from PTZ injection to the first tonic-clonic seizure was 80.20 ± 18.55 s in the AAV-NC (SE) group and 119.00 ± 21.45 s in the AAV-OE-NPTN group (SE) (n = 5 in each group, *p < 0.05). Seizure duration (stage 4 and above) was 1128 ± 609.35 s in the AAV-NC (SE) group and 291.80 ± 235.00 s in the AAV-OE-NPTN (SE) group (n = 5 in each group, #p < 0.01). All experiments were repeated for 3 times. ^△Independent t-tests were used for the comparison of means.