Table 8 Known associations of genes identified in either one or both of the cohorts of long COVID patients with acute COVID-19
Gene | Long COVID Cohort | Function | COVID-19 associated literature |
|---|---|---|---|
ADIPOQ | Severe | Adiponectin | Prevents SARS-CoV2-induced acute lung injury [35] |
APCDD1 | Severe and Fatigue Dominant | Adenomatosis polyposis coil down-regulated 1 | Bioinformatics analysis indicates APCDD1 is a dysregulated gene in COVID-19 [60] |
ETS1 | Severe | Transcription factor, v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 | Differentially regulated in peripheral blood of severe COVID-19 patients, modulates cytokine response [39,40,41] |
GPC6 | Severe and Fatigue Dominant | Glypican 6 | OpenTargets COVID-19 association (Reactome)—may interact with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein [61] |
GUCY1A2 | Severe and Fatigue Dominant | Guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha 2 | Differentially expressed in SARS-CoV-2 infection [30] |
MARCH8 | Severe | Membrane-associated ring finder, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase | Downregulates host transmembrane protein, confers resistance to multiple viruses including SARS-CoV [42, 43] |
SOX5 | Severe and Fatigue Dominant | SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 5 | SOX5 + autoreactive memory B cells in COVID-19 [62] |
TENM3 | Severe and Fatigue Dominant | Teneurin transmembrane protein 3 | Genetic variant link to COVID-19 infection susceptibility [63] |
TLR4 | Severe | Toll-like receptor 4 | Mediates innate immune response, genetic link to long-term cognitive dysfunction post COVID-19 [47, 48] |