Table 1 Characteristics of the two long COVID cohorts derived from the GOLD study dataset
|  | Severe long COVID n = 1323 | Fatigue dominant long COVID n = 1386 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases (n = 459) | Controls (n = 864) | Cases (n = 477) | Controls (n = 909) | |
Age [median (IQR)] | 45 (37–54) | 54 (41–64) | 45 (37–54) | 54 (41–63) |
Sex [n (%)] * | M: 129 (28.1) | M: 402 (46.5) | M: 121 (25.4) | M: 429 (47.2) |
F: 329 (71.7) | F: 462 (53.5) | F: 355 (74.4) | F: 480 (52.8) | |
Self-reported ethnicity [n (%)] * | ||||
 Wh = White | Wh: 419 (91.3) | Wh: 781 (90.4) | Wh: 436 (91.4) | Wh: 825 (90.1) |
 As = Asian | Mx: 19 (4.1) | As: 33 (3.8) | Mx: 17 (3.6) | As: 33 (3.6) |
 Mx = Mixed | As: 12 (2.6) | Mx: 22 (2.5) | As: 14 (2.9) | Mx: 23 (2.5) |
 Bl = Black | Ot: 4 (0.9) | Bl: 12 (1.4) | Bl: 4 (0.8) | Ot: 13 (1.4) |
 Ot = Other | Bl: 2 (0.4) | Ot: 12 (1.4) | Ot: 3 (0.6) | Bl: 11 (1.2) |
 No = None | No: 2 (0.4) | No: 1 (0.1) | No: 2 (0.4) | No: 1 (0.1) |
Recovery time in days (Median [IQR]) | 479 (247–572) | 18 (8–122) | 484 (256–573) | 18 (8–111) |
COVID-19 related hospitalization [n (%)] | 60 (13.1) | 26 (3.0) | 66 (13.8) | 26 (2.9) |
Reported problems after COVID-19 related hospital discharge [n (%)] | 60 (13.1) | 20 (2.3) | 66 (13.8) | 19 (2.1) |
Hospitalized [n (%)] | 46 (10.0) | 7 (0.8) | 50 (10.5) | 8 (0.9) |
Co-morbidities (pre-existing or post-COVID-19) [n (%)] | ||||
 Asthma†| 108 (23.5) | 121 (14.0) | 110 (23.1) | 133 (14.6) |
 Alzheimer’s disease | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) |
 Coronary artery disease | 2 (0.4) | 13 (1.5) | 3 (0.6) | 13 (1.4) |
 Chronic fatigue syndrome†| 36 (7.8) | 6 (0.7) | 40 (8.4) | 5 (0.6) |
 Diabetes type 1 | 1 (0.2) | 9 (1.0) | 1 (0.2) | 10 (1.1) |
 Diabetes type 2 | 15 (3.3) | 33 (3.8) | 13 (2.7) | 33 (3.6) |
 Heart attack | 5 (1.1) | 7 (0.8) | 3 (0.6) | 7 (0.8) |
 Irritable bowel syndrome†| 65 (14.2) | 41 (4.7) | 74 (15.5) | 47 (5.2) |
 Kidney disease†| 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) | 2 (0.2) |
 Liver disease†| 9 (2.0) | 6 (0.7) | 8 (1.7) | 7 (0.8) |