Fig. 8

The mechanism by which nuclear-located vimentin regulates PDC invasion, proliferation, and migration. Vimentin is modified by SUMOylation in PDCs after treatment and cannot be degraded by the proteasome, resulting in increased vimentin expression in PDCs. Upregulated P62 regulates the subcellular localization of vimentin by controlling the movement of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3. Nuclear vimentin acts as a transcription factor and promotes cell migration via the CDC42-cathepsin B- and D-vimentin pathways. SUMO small ubiquitin-like modification, PDCs polyploid giant cancer cells with daughter cells