Fig. 8

NR function in CKD. Mitochondrial damage can occur in cisplatin-induced kidney injury models, causing the release of mitochondrial RNA. Immunostimulatory RNA, such as mitochondrial RNA, causes the activation of the cytosolic pattern recognition receptor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Conformational changes in activated RIG-I facilitates RIG-I binding to mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) and subsequent signals involved in renal injury. Hypoxia induces the production of RIG-I and NR antagonizes RIG-I. NR may mediate its effects via increased NAD and SIRT1 activity