Fig. 6

Insig2 maintained active pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolism and redox homeostasis. A–E G6PD activity (n = 6/group), NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio (n = 5/group), glucose (n = 6/group) and G6P (n = 6/group) consumption, lactate production (n = 6/group) in liver tissues were detected at sham/IR group from Insig2 deficiency and WT mice. F–H The MDA level, SOD activity, GSH/GSSG ratio were detected at IR group from Insig2 deficiency and WT mice (n = 6/group). I The ROS fluorescence photographs of Insig2-KO and controlled WT primary hepatocytes subjected to H/R. J–L G6PD activity (n = 3/group), NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio (n = 3/group) and measurement of the ECAR (n = 3/group) in control or Insig2 knockdown AML12 cells upon CoCl₂-induced hypoxia. M Schematic depicting the mechanisms by which Insig2 regulates the PPP and glycolysis in hepatocytes during hepatic I/R injury. All data are shown as means ± SDs. ns indicates no significance between the two indicated groups; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01