Cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes according to vitamin D level and genetic variants among individuals with prediabetes: a prospective study

Table 2 Adjusted HRs (95% CI) for serum 25(OH)D levels with vascular outcomes among participants with prediabetes in UK Biobank

Outcome and model	Serum 25(OH)D concentrations (nmol/L)				P_trend	Log-transformed 25(OH)D	P
Outcome and model	< 25.0	25.0–49.9	50.0–74.9	≥ 75.0	P_trend	Log-transformed 25(OH)D	P
Myocardial infarction
n/N of Events	497/8918	1194/24784	831/17455	276/5230		2798/56387
Model 1	1.0 (Ref.)	0.75 (0.67, 0.83)	0.68 (0.61, 0.76)	0.73 (0.63, 0.85)	< 0.001	0.79 (0.73, 0.85)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.0 (Ref.)	0.82 (0.73, 0.92)	0.76 (0.67, 0.87)	0.75 (0.63, 0.88)	< 0.001	0.83 (0.76, 0.91)	0.001
Stroke
n/N of Events	163/8918	406/24784	282/17455	83/5230		934/56387
Model 1	1.0 (Ref.)	0.77 (0.64, 0.92)	0.68 (0.56, 0.83)	0.65 (0.50, 0.85)	< 0.001	0.72 (0.63, 0.83)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.0 (Ref.)	0.87 (0.71, 1.06)	0.78 (0.63, 0.98)	0.74 (0.55, 1.00)	0.018	0.77 (0.66, 0.90)	< 0.001
Diabetic nephropathy
n/N of Events	46/8918	105/24784	70/17455	28/5230		249/56387
Model 1	1.0 (Ref.)	0.74 (0.52, 1.06)	0.66 (0.45, 0.97)	0.86 (0.54, 1.40)	0.285	0.83 (0.63, 1.08)	0.160
Model 2	1.0 (Ref.)	0.93 (0.62, 1.38)	0.86 (0.55, 1.34)	1.02 (0.60, 1.74)	0.837	0.95 (0.71, 1.28)	0.744
Diabetic retinopathy
n/N of Events	100/8918	334/24784	213/17455	70/5230		717/56387
Model 1	1.0 (Ref.)	1.09 (0.87, 1.36)	0.92 (0.72, 1.17)	0.99 (0.73, 1.35)	0.315	0.88 (0.75, 1.03)	0.116
Model 2	1.0 (Ref.)	1.22 (0.94, 1.58)	1.06 (0.80, 1.40)	1.30 (0.92, 1.84)	0.929	0.99 (0.82, 1.18)	0.888

Model 1: adjusted for sex (female/male), age (continuous), and ethnicity (Whites/non-Whites); Model 2: further adjusted for income (< £18,000/£18,000–30,999/£31,000–51,999/£52,000–100,000/ > £100,000), smoking habits (never/former/current), drinking habits (never/former/current), BMI (continuous), systolic BP (continuous), total cholesterol (continuous), high-density lipoprotein (continuous), serum creatinine (continuous), and the use of vitamin D supplement (yes/no), antihypertensive drugs (yes/no), lipid-regulating drugs (yes/no), and statins (yes/no)

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