Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population according to overall diabetes risk reduction diet score

Number of participants

101,755

27,890

28,970

19,784

25,111

Diabetes risk reduction diet score

26.8 ± 5.3

20.4 ± 2.4

25.5 ± 1.1

28.9 ± 0.8

33.8 ± 2.6

Age

65.5 ± 5.7

64.7 ± 5.6

65.5 ± 5.7

65.9 ± 5.8

66.2 ± 5.7

Sex

 Male

49,496 (48.6%)

16,282 (58.4%)

14,856 (51.3%)

8839 (44.7%)

9519 (37.9%)

 Female

52,259 (51.4%)

11,608 (41.6%)

14,114 (48.7%)

10,945 (55.3%)

15,592 (62.1%)

Race

 White

94,066 (92.4%)

26,077 (93.5%)

26,890 (92.8%)

18,295 (92.5%)

22,804 (90.8%)

 Non-white

7689 (7.6%)

1813 (6.5%)

2080 (7.2%)

1489 (7.5%)

2307 (9.2%)

Marital status

 Married or living as married

79,826 (78.4%)

22,143 (79.4%)

23,066 (79.6%)

15,509 (78.4%)

19,108 (76.1%)

 No

21,929 (21.6%)

5747 (20.6%)

5904 (20.4%)

4275 (21.6%)

6003 (23.9%)

Education level

 College below

64,953 (63.8%)

19,955 (71.5%)

19,034 (65.7%)

12,053 (60.9%)

13,911 (55.4%)

 College graduate

17,848 (17.5%)

4210 (15.1%)

4973 (17.2%)

3687 (18.6%)

4978 (19.8%)

 Postgraduate

18,954 (18.6%)

3725 (13.4%)

4963 (17.1%)

4044 (20.4%)

6222 (24.8%)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

27.2 ± 4.8

28.2 ± 5.0

27.5 ± 4.7

26.9 ± 4.6

26.0 ± 4.4

 Weight change^a (pounds)

33.0 ± 27.2

38.5 ± 28.8

34.6 ± 26.9

31.5 ± 26.4

26.4 ± 24.8

 Arm

  Intervention

51,817 (50.9%)

14,077 (50.5%)

14,663 (50.6%)

10,063 (50.9%)

13,014 (51.8%)

  Control

49,938 (49.1%)

13,813 (49.5%)

14,307 (49.4%)

9721 (49.1%)

12,097 (48.2%)

Smoking status

 Never

48,580 (47.7%)

12,409 (44.5%)

13,572 (46.8%)

9700 (49.0%)

12,899 (51.4%)

 Current

9401 (9.2%)

3772 (13.5%)

2841 (9.8%)

1488 (7.5%)

1300 (5.2%)

 Former

43,774 (43.0%)

11,709 (42.0%)

12,557 (43.3%)

8596 (43.4%)

10,912 (43.5%)

Smoking pack-years

17.7 ± 26.6

21.7 ± 30.0

18.4 ± 27.0

16.1 ± 25.0

13.5 ± 22.2

Drinking status

 No

27,757 (27.3%)

8654 (31.0%)

7780 (26.9%)

5006 (25.3%)

6317 (25.2%)

 Yes

73,998 (72.7%)

19,236 (69.0%)

21,190 (73.1%)

14,778 (74.7%)

18,794 (74.8%)

Alcohol consumption (g/day)

9.5 ± 25.3

8.4 ± 23.5

9.7 ± 24.4

10.7 ± 28.1

9.7 ± 25.7

 Ibuprofen use

  No

73,349 (72.1%)

19,784 (70.9%)

20,817 (71.9%)

14,243 (72.0%)

18,505 (73.7%)

  Yes

28,406 (27.9%)

8106 (29.1%)

8153 (28.1%)

5541 (28.0%)

6606 (26.3%)

Family history of renal cancer

 No

97,569 (95.9%)

26,624 (95.5%)

27,766 (95.8%)

19,007 (96.1%)

24,172 (96.3%)

 Yes

1543 (1.5%)

406 (1.5%)

423 (1.5%)

310 (1.6%)

404 (1.6%)

 Possibly

2643 (2.6%)

860 (3.1%)

781 (2.7%)

467 (2.4%)

535 (2.1%)

History of diabetes

 No

94,949 (93.3%)

25,675 (92.1%)

26,957 (93.1%)

18,531 (93.7%)

23,786 (94.7%)

 Yes

6806 (6.7%)

2215 (7.9%)

2013 (6.9%)

1253 (6.3%)

1325 (5.3%)

History of hypertension

 No

68,707 (67.5%)

18,002 (64.5%)

19,251 (66.5%)

13,558 (68.5%)

17,896 (71.3%)

 Yes

33,048 (32.5%)

9888 (35.5%)

9719 (33.5%)

6226 (31.5%)

7215 (28.7%)

Energy intake from diet (kcal/day)

1738.6 ± 736.4

1797.0 ± 740.6

1739.3 ± 782.4

1715.3 ± 763.7

1691.5 ± 645.2

Healthy Eating Index-2015

66.5 ± 9.7

57.5 ± 7.9

65.2 ± 7.0

69.9 ± 6.5

75.5 ± 6.2

DRRD and other nutrients intakes

 Cereal fiber (g/day)

11.9 ± 5.7

9.3 ± 4.2

11.1 ± 5.2

12.5 ± 5.6

15.1 ± 6.2

 Nuts (g/day)

6.7 ± 14.5

2.7 ± 5.7

4.9 ± 9.9

7.4 ± 14.8

12.7 ± 21.8

 Coffee (g/day)

846.4 ± 794.5

730.2 ± 788.9

869.6 ± 802.6

892.7 ± 790.5

912.2 ± 780.6

 Polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids

0.8 ± 0.3

0.6 ± 0.2

0.7 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.2

0.9 ± 0.3

 Whole fruit (Servings/day)

2.7 ± 2.0

1.7 ± 1.3

2.4 ± 1.7

3.0 ± 2.0

4.0 ± 2.4

 Glycemic index of diet

53.6 ± 3.3

55.6 ± 3.0

53.9 ± 3.0

52.8 ± 2.9

51.4 ± 2.7

 Trans fat acid (g/day)

4.0 ± 2.4

4.9 ± 2.5

4.2 ± 2.5

3.7 ± 2.2

2.9 ± 1.6

 Sugar-sweetened beverage (g/day)

264.5 ± 433.3

449.6 ± 565.5

264.4 ± 407.3

191.5 ± 329.2

116.6 ± 254.4

 Red and processed meat (g/day)

12.4 ± 15.3

19.5 ± 19.3

13.4 ± 15.0

9.8 ± 11.8

5.5 ± 7.6