Fig. 2

EVs in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and their utility in clinical translation. EVs released from infected cells may contain SARS CoV 2 virus in double membrane vesicles, viral nucleic acids, proteins, virus induced cellular factors, mediators of inflammation, coagulation and organ damage,and factors associated with perpetuation of COVID-19 or long COVID. The intercellular transfer of cargo via EVs promote the spread of the virus and reprogram host disease susceptibility leading to the development of acute and long term consequences of COVID. EV associated molecular signature in COVID-19 can be investigated for their biomarker potential and therapeutic utility