Table 3 The major research findings of calcium silicate-based bioceramics in REPs

REPs

MTA

The root continual development could be found after REPs with MTA.

[79,80,81]

REPs could eliminate uncomfortable clinical symptoms, pulp and periapical inflammation.

[88, 89]

REPs with MTA was an alternative method to MTA apical plug.

[90]

Mixing MTA with blood might decrease the detrimental effect of MTA on radiographic evaluation.

[87]

The location of MTA on the apical part could induce faster root development, less tooth discoloration, but inhibition of the ingrowth of pulp-like tissues and the preservation of dental pulp vitality.

[91]

Tooth discoloration caused by MTA could be solved by removing MTA and composite resin restoration.

[92,93,94]

Biodentine

Biodentine excellent properties, including satisfied consistency, lower cytotoxicity, less discoloration, shorter setting time, and no apical displacement during condensation.

[95]

Biodentine could be applied in REPs promote the development of immature roots.

[96, 97]

There were no obvious different in the therapeutic efficacy between white MTA and Biodentine, but Biodentine could induce less tooth discoloration.

[98]

The tooth after treatment by REPs with Biodentine could withstand the forces generated by the orthodontic devices.

[99]

Mixing growth factors, such as PRF, PRP, platelet-poor plasma, L-PRF, with blood clot could improve the the efficiency of REPs with Biodentine.

[100,101,102,103]

Bioaggregate and iRoot BP Plus

Bioaggregate and iRoot BP Plus have been observed to promote odontoblastic differentiation and the formation of mineralization nodules in vitro.

[104, 105]